Progress
Progress, The Advancement Of The World, Moral, Mental And Material, As Exhibited In His Tory. Physical Science, Which Has So Recently Demonstrated The Gradual Improvement Of Ma Terial Types In The Animal And Vegetable World, Has Compelled Metaphysical Speculation To Con Form Its General Principles To The Axioms Formu Lated ...
Progress And Poverty
Progress And Poverty, A Famous Work By Henry George, Written In 1877-79. The Manuscript Was Declined By Publishers, But Finally D. Appleton And Company Agreed To Publish The Book If The Author Would Bear The Cost Of Making The Plates. The Latter Were Made Under The Author's Personal Supervision In ...
Progress Of Poesy
Progress Of Poesy, The. 'the Progress Of Poesy,' By Thomas Gray, Was Published, Together With 'the Bard,' In A Volume Entitled (pindaric Odes,' Printed At Horace Walpole's Famous Strawberry Hill Press In 1757. Both Poems Are Odes In The Strict Pindaric Form, Consisting Of Strophe Or Turn, Antistrophe Or Counterturn, ...
Progression
Progression, In Mathematics, A Series Or Sequence Of Terms Such That Each Quantity Bears The Same Mathematical Relation To The Pre Ceding. This Relation May Be Either That Of A Difference Or Of A Ratio; The First Case Is That Of The Arithmetical Progression, The Second That Of The Geometrical ...
Progressive Party
Progressive Party, The. In The Half Century Following The Civil War Four Serious Disagreements Threatened To Break Up The Political Homogeneity Of The Republican Party. In The Order Of Their Occurrence These Were The Liberal Republican Movement Of 1872, The Mugwump Party Of 1884, The Silver Issue Of 1890 And ...
Prohibition
Prohibition, Used In A Special Sense, Means The Interdiction By Law Of The Manufac Ture And Sale Of Intoxicating Liquors For Use As Beverages. Various Forms Of Regulation Or Control Over The Liquor Traffic Have Been Adopted From Time To Time, But Prohibition Is The Most Drastic Of Them All. ...
Prohibition Party
Prohibition Party, The. When The Prohibition Idea Rose To Prominence, Prior To The Civil War, The Idea Of Its Support Through Political Action Was Not Wholly Absent. When The Republican Party Was Formed, It Was By Many Regarded As The Party Of Prohibitionists, And James G. Blaine So Speaks Of ...
Projectiles
Projectiles. To Accomplish The Dam Age Or Destruction Of A Target A Projectile Should Have Certain Hardness, Tenacity And Weight. If It Be Soft And Weak Compared With The Body Struck, It Will Spread Out Laterally Or Break Into Pieces, And Presenting An Increased Surface Will Meet With A Greater ...
Projection
Projection. (from The Latin Pro Jicere, To Throw Forward). In Its General Sense, The Term Signifies The Representation Of The Form Of A Given Figure Upon A Given Surface By Means Of A Pencil Of Visual, Light, Or Other Rays In Such A Manner That The Figure In The Pro ...
Prologue
Prologue, In Dramatic Poetry, (1) In The Greek Drama, That Part Of A Tragedy Preced Ing The First Appearance Of The Chorus. (2) In The Roman And English Drama, An Address To The Audience Preceding The Piece Itself. It May Be Either In Prose Or Verse, And Is Usually Pro ...
Prometheus
Prometheus, Pro-methlis, In Greek Mythology, Son Of Iapetus The Titan And Oymene (according To Hesiod), Or Themis (according To 4eschylus), Or Asia (according To Apollodorus). He Is The Legendary Giver Of Fire And All Its Benefits To Men. In Athens Prome Thus Had An Altar In The Academy And A ...
Prometheus Bound
Prometheus Bound, The, Of Xschylus, Has Been Called °the Most Sublime Poem In The World.' Macaulay Declares That By The Principles Of Dramatic Writing We Shall Instantly Condemn, But Ii We Think Only Of The Poetry We Must Admit That It Has Never Been Surpassed In Energy And Magnificence. The ...
Prometheus Unbound
Prometheus Unbound: A Lyrical Drama Is The Greatest Of Shelley's Longer Poems. This Poem, Begun In The Autumn Of 1818, Was Chiefly Written? Says Shelley, (in The Mountainous Ruins Of The Baths Of Caracalla. . . . The Bright Blue Sky Of Rome And The Effect Of The Vigorous Awakening ...
Promissory Note
Promissory Note, Is An Uncondi Tional Promise In Writing For The Payment Of Money In A Sum Certain, Absolutely, And At All Events; It Is Negotiable When It Is Transferable From One Person To Another By Endorsement Or Delivery, So As To Vest In The Party Taking It The Legal ...
Pronoun
Pronoun, A Part Of Speech Which Takes The Place Of The Noun, To Avoid Too Frequent Of The Noun Or To Designate An Object Ile Name Is Not Known Or, If Known, Is Not Desirable Or Available For Use. Pronouns Have The Same Properties As Nouns, Viz.: Gender, Per Son, ...
Pronunciation
Pronunciation, The Act Of Uttering Words Or Articulate Sounds Of The Voice. The Alphabetic Characters Are Designed To Represent With More Or Less Precision The Voice-sounds Of A Language, And If All Those Sounds Have Each Its Proper Sign, A Written Word Will Be A Sure Index Of Its Pronunciation. ...
Prony
Prony, Prone, Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche, Baron De, French Engineer: B. Chamelet, Rhone, 22 July 1755; D. Asnieres, Seine, 29 July 1839. He Received His Technical Education At The Ecole Des Ponts Et Chaussees. As Assistant To The Civil Engineer Perronet He Was Employed In Building The Bridge De ...
Proof Reading
Proof-reading, The Process Of Read Ing The Printed Proof Of Matter To Be Printed, And Marking Errors, Corrections, Etc., On The Margin. Proof-readers Require To Be Expert In Typography, As Well As Possessed Of Considerable Education And General Knowledge. An Estab Lished Set Of Signs Is Used. The Specimen Of ...
Proof In Art
Proof In Art, The Name Given To An Impression Of An Engraving "pulled" Or Struck Off, From The Plate, With Or Without The Signa Ture Of The Artist. After The Various "proofs" And 'states,' There Comes, Finally, The "finished' Or 'publication State,' Preceded By The Last Proof Passed By The ...
Propaganda
Propaganda, A Shortened Name For The Congregatio De Propaganda Fide (congregation For Propagating The Faith), Founded By Gregory Xv In 1622. It Consists Of A Number Of Car Dinals With The Cardinal Prefect At Their Head, Has A General Secretary And A Vast Number Of Inferior Agents Or Employees. A ...
Propeller
Propeller. See Screw-propeller. Sextus, Latin Poet; B. Assisium, Umbria, About 50 'lc; D. Rome, Between 15 And 2 Ac. He Is Ranked By Many As The Greatest Elegiac Poet Of Rome. Comparatively Little Is Known Regarding His Life. He Was Deprived Of His Estate In The Course Of The Agragrian ...
Property
Property, Laws Of. Anything, Whether Tangible Or Intangible, Which Can Be Reduced To Possession Or Made The Subject Of Ownership, Comes Within The Legal Definition Of Property. The Sea, The Waters Of Rivers And The Atmos Phere Enveloping The Earth Are For The Common Use Of All Men And Can ...
Prophecy I
Prophecy. I. Definition.— The Word Prophet Is Derived From The Greek Word 'ipo Rrlt, Which Doubtless Meant Originally An Interpreter, Then More Specifically An Interpreter Of Deity. Hence A Prophet May Be Defined As A Person Who Is Considered To Speak By The Direct Inspiration Of A Deity Or Spirit, ...
Proportion
Proportion, An Equality Of Ratios; A Series In Which The First Of Any Even Number Of Terms Bears The Same Mathematical Relation To The Second Term As Each Other Odd-numbered Term Does To The Even-numbered Term Which Immediately Follows; Thus 4, 12; 5, 15; 6, 18 (or 4:125:15=6:18, Or 4:12::5:15::6:18, ...
Proportional Tion
Proportional Tion, As Its Name Suggests, Is The Result Ob Tained When The Members Of Legislative Bodies Are So Chosen That Each Party Or Faction In The Voting Population Is Represented By A Number Of Delegates Proportionate To Its Numerical Voting Strength. Proportional Representation Gained Respecta Bility As A Reform ...
Proprietaries
Proprietaries, In American History, A Common Name Applied In Colonial Days To Those Indivduals To Whom Colonies Had Been Granted By The Crown. Most Of The 13 English Colonies Were Originally Proprietary But New York, New Jersey And The Carolinas Became Royal Prov Inces And Only Pennsylvania, Delaware And Maryland ...
Proselyte
Proselyte (greek, An Arrival Or New Comer), He Who Leaves One Religion For Another. In New Testament Times There Were Proselytes Of Two Degrees, The Proselytes Of The Gate Who Renounced Idolatry And Worshipped The Only True God According To The (so-called) Seven Laws Of The Children Of Noah, Without ...
Prostate Gland
Prostate Gland, The Pale, Firm Body Composed Of Both Muscle And Gland, In Shape Resembling A Chestnut, Which Surrounds The Neck Of The Bladder And The Beginning Of The Urethra In The Male. It Consists Of Two Lateral Lobes And One Middle Lobe. The Excretory Ducts From The Glandular Substance ...
Protagoras
Protagoras, Pro-tag'6-ras, Greek Soph Ist: B. Abdera, Thrace, About 480; D. About 410 S.c. He Studied The Old Ionian Philosophy Paying Especial Attention To Heraclitus And He Was The First To Assume The Title Of &list, And To Teach For Pay, A Practice Which, Plato In Forms Us, Proved Very ...
Protection
Protection Is A Term In Political Econ Omy, Employed To Describe The Policy Of Indi Rectly Promoting The Growth Of National Indus Tries, Either To Secure The Defensibility Of The Country In Time Of War, Or To Promote Its Gen Eral Welfare, Or Both. It Differs From Socialism In Seeking ...
Protectorate
Protectorate, A Term Applied To The Relationship, Existing Between A Strong Nation And A Weaker One Wherein The Former Under Takes To Protect The Latter From Hostile Invasion Or Other Form Of Aggression And In Conse Quence Exercises More Or Less Control Over Its Domestic And Entire Control Over Its ...
Proteins
Proteins, A Large Group Of Organic Com Pounds, Of Which The White Of Egg Or Oval Bumin, May Be Taken As A Typical Example. They Make Up The Principal Bulk Of The Solid Matter Of All Animal Cells And Tissues, And Are Found In Various Parts Of The Structure Of ...
Proterozoic
Proterozoic (greek Proteros, Early, And Zoo Life), A Geologic Time Division Generally Given Die Rank Of An Era. According To The United States Geological Survey It Includes All Time Before The Paleozoic, And Is Divided Into The Archean And Algonkian Periods. Other Geologists Divide The Time Before The Paleozoic Into ...
Protesilaus
Protesilaus, Pro-tes-i-lvis, Greek Hero, Son Of Iphiclus, King Of Phylace, Thessaly, He Fed A Band Of Thessalian Warriors Against Troy And Was The First Of The Greeks To Land On The Trojan Coast, Whereupon He Was Killed By Hector. Another Tradition Makes Achates Slay Him. He Is Famed In Ancient ...
Protestant Episcopal Church
Protestant Episcopal Church, The, The American Branch Of The Anglican Communion. The Church In America, Though Quite Independent, Is In Full Communion With The Church Of England And Inherits Her Eccle Siastical Position. As The Preface To The Prayer Book States : "this Church Is Far From Intend Ing To ...
Protestantism
Protestantism. The Diet Of Worms (1521) Placed Martin Luther, The Friar Of Wit Tenberg Who Had Presumed To Criticise The Pope And To Condemn Certain Ecclesiastical Practices Of His Day, Under The Ban Of The Empire. He Had Already Been Placed Under The Ban Of The Church By Pope Leo ...
Prothero
Prothero, Proth'er-o, George Walter, English Historical Writer: B. Wiltshire, 14 Oct. 1848. He Was Educated At Eton, Cambridge And The University Of Bonn, Was University Lec Turer In History And Tutor Of Kings College 1876-94, And Professor Of History At The Um Versity Of Edinburgh 1894-99. He Is A Member ...
Proto Genes
Proto Genes, Pro-toll-nez, Greek Painter, Contemporary With Apelles: B. Caunus On The Coast Of Caria. He Lived About 350 B.c. And Spent Most Of His Life In Rhodes. He Was One Of The First Of Greek Realists In Painting. Several Masterpieces Of His Are Mentioned, In One Of Which A ...
Protocol
Protocol, The Industrial, A Juridical Covenant Formed In 1910 Between The Several Associations Of New York Manufacturers, Re Spectively, Of Dresses And Waists; Of Children's Dresses; Of Ladies' Underwear; Of Embroideries, And Of House Dresses And Kimonos, And The 60,000 Operatives Employed By These Industries. The Agreement Was Brought About ...
Protoplasm
Protoplasm. The Most Fundamental Characteristic Of Animals And Plants Is Life. While No Cme Can, As Yet, Demonstrate Just What The Physical Basis Of Life Is, Still There Is General Agreement That The Substance Known Under The Rather Indefinite Name Of Protoplasm Is That Physical Basis. The Term Was First ...
Protostegide
Protostegid)e, A Family Of Mostly Gigantic Marine Testudinata, Or Uturtles,s Now Wholly Extinct, From The Mid-cretaceous Nio Brara Chalk Beds Of Western Kansas, And The Overlying Fort Pierre Formation Of South Dakota. These Turtles Lived In The Great But Shallow Supra-continental Or Fepeinci Nio Brara And Pierre Seas. They Were ...
Protozoa
Protozoa. Fundamentally Contrasted With All Other Types Of Animal Life, Which Are Together Designated The Metazoa, In That The Body Consists Of A Single Cell Or A Colony Of Simple Cells, The Group Is Still Usually Termed A Phylum Though It Is Evidently Of A Higher Grade Than The Subdivisions ...
Proudhon
Proudhon, Proo'clan, Pierre Joseph, French Philosophical Anarchist: B. Besancon, France, 15 July 1809; D. Passy, Paris, 16 Jan. 1865. He Studied At The University Of Besan Con, But Left Without Completing His Course There Because Compelled To Find Some Means Of Self-support. He Then Learned Printing And In 1837 Became ...
Prout
Prout, Samuel, English Painter: B. Mouth, 17 Sept. 1783; D. Camberwell, 10 Feb. 1852. He Early Manifested A Turn For Drawing, But The Only Lessons He Received Were From A Drawing-master In His Native Town. In 1801 He Made The Acquaintance Of Britton, The Architec Taral Antiquary, Who Employed Him ...
Provancher
Provancher, Pro-yak-cher, Leon, Ca Nadian Naturalist: B. Becancour, Quebec, 10 March 1820; D. Cap Rouge, Quebec, 1892. To Devote Himself Exclusively To The Pursuit Of Botany And Kindred Studies, He Retired From The Catholic Priesthood Which He Had Entered In 1844. He Established 'le Naturalist Canadien) In 1868, And Published ...
Provence
Provence, Pro-vafis, A Province Of Ancient Southeastern France, Bounded By Pied Mont, The Mediterranean, Languedoc, Venaissin And Dauphine, And Including What Is Now The Departments Of Bouches-du-rhone, Var, Basses Alpes, And, In Part, Vaucluse And Alpes Mari Times. Lesser Ranges Of The Alps, Called The Alpines And In The South ...
Proverb
Proverb, A Short, Pithy Saying, Present Ing In Striking Form A Well-known Truth. They Originate Principally In The Primitive Stages Of Society, Are Colloquial Rather Than Literary And Constitute A Form Of Folklore Common To All Races. While Certain Proverbs Have Undoubt Edly Strayed From One Country To Another The ...
Proverbs
Proverbs, Book Of, A Portion Of The Old Testament. Date And Authorship.— The Hook Of Proverbs Is The Subject Of Much Dis Cussion In Reference To Date And Authorship. The Old View That King Solomon Was The Au Thor Of Nearly Or Quite The Whole Of The Book Has Been ...
Province
Province Is A Territory, Section Or Dis Trict Of A Nation Or Government. Among The Romans A Province Was A District Of Conquered Country, Governed By A Proconsul Or Proprztor. The First Roman Province Was Sicily, 241 B.c. From The Time Of Augustus They Were Divided Into The Senatorial Provinces ...
Provincial Letters
Provincial Letters (
Provoost
Provoost, Pro-ve, Samuel, American Protestant Episcopal Bishop: B. New York, 26 Feb. 1742; D. There, 6 Sept. 1815. He Was Graduated At King's College (now Columbia) In 1758, At Its First Commencement; Went To Eng Land In 1761 To Prepare For Ordination, Studied At Saint Peter's College, Cambridge University, And ...
Prudentius
Prudentius, Proo-den'shi-es, Aurelius Publius Clemens, Christian Hymn Writer: B. Spain, Probably At Saragossa, 348; D. About 410. He Practised The Profession Of An Advocate And Afterward Became A Functionary Of The Gov Ernment. From A Life Of Pleasure And Worldli Ness He Was Reclaimed By His Conversion To Christianity, Retired ...
Prudhommes
Prudhommes, Conseils De, De Prfi-dom, Courts Of Conciliation In France For Deciding Small Disputes Between Workmen And Employers. The First Councils Called By This Name In Paris Were Formed In 1296 In The Reign Of Philippe Le Bel, When 24 Prud'hommes Were Appointed To Assist The Provost Of The Mer ...
Prudhon
Prudhon, Pierre Paul, Pear French Painter: B. Cluny, Saone-et-loire, 4 April 1758; D. Paris, 16 Feb. 1823. He Received His First Instruction In His Art At Dijon Under Devosge. In 1780 He Went To Paris. Two Years Later He Won A Competition For A Roman Schol Arship Offered By The ...
Prune
Prune, Dried Plums Of Certain Varieties And The Varieties Used For Drying. They Are Extensively Cultivated In The Danubian Princi Palities, France, Italy, And In Recent Years In California, Oregon And Washington, From Which States The American Market Is Now Chiefly Supplied. The Product Is Of Great Com Mercial Importance ...
Pruning
Pruning, The Removal Of Parts Of Plants In Order To Economize And Divert Energy In Desired Directions. Fundamentally The Various Objects For Which Plants Are Pruned Are (1) Training, In Which The Limbs Are Started And Dis Posedas Desired; (2) Pruning Proper; (3) Trimming Or The Shaping To Some Artificial ...
Pruritus
Pruritus, Itching, A Symptom Of Vari Ous Skin Diseases. It May Occur Independently Of Any Structural Alteration Of The Skin, As A Purely Psychogenic Affection And Is Then Fre Quently A Symbol Of Unconscious Masturbation. It May Involve The Skin Of The Entire Body Or Be Limited To A Particular ...
Prussia
Prussia (german, Preussen; Latin, Bo Russia), A Kingdom Of Germany, And Its Largest, Most Populous And Most Important State, Com Prising Two-thirds Of Its Area. The Boundaries Of Prussia Are On The East, Russia; On The South, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse Darmstadt And The Thuringian States; On The North, The ...
Prutz
Prutz, Proots, Hans Georg, German His Torian: B. Jena, Germany, 20 May 1843. He Is The Son Of Robert Edward Prutz (q.v.), Was Educated In Jena And In Berlin And Became Privat-docent At The Latter Place In 1873. He Was Engaged In A Government Expedition Into Syria In 1874, And ...
Prutz_2
Prutz, Robert Eduard, German Poet And Historian: B. Stettin, Prussia, 30 May 1816; D. There, 21 June 1872. He Was Educated At Berlin, Breslau And Halle, And Edited, With Arnold Ruge, A Radical Periodical Hallesche Jahr Biicher Designed To Promote More Liberal Views In Science, Politics And Religion. His Liberal ...
Prynne
Prynne, William, English Author And Politician: B. Swainswick, Near Bath, Somerset, 1600; D. London, 24 Oct. 1669. He Was Gradu Ated At Oriel College, Oxford, In 1621 And Ad Mitted To The Bar In 1628. He Early Became A Militant Puritan, Wrote Pamphlets Against Arminianism And The Frivolities Of The ...
Pryor
Pryor, Nathaniel, American Soldier, Trader And Explorer: B. (provably) Amherst County, Va., About 1785; D. Los Angeles, Cal., 1850. He Was A Great Grandson Of Nicketti, Daughter Of Powhatan And Sister Of Poca Hontas. Left An Orphan In Infancy, He Was Taken To Kentucky By The Family Of His Maternal ...
Psalms
Psalms, Book Of. Title.— The Old Tes Tament Gives No Title To The Book As A Whole. The Ordinary Hebrew Designation For The Book Is Sepher Tehillim, Meaning Book Of Praises. The Common Title In The Setptuagint Is Psalmoi, Psalms, A Designation Taken From One Of The Minor Collections Of ...
Pseudonym
Pseudonym (fr. Pseudonyms, From Gk. Pseudonymos). A Name Adopted By An Author Who Desires To Remain Unknown, Or As Sumed For The Purpose Of Attracting More At Tention At First Might Follow From The Use Of The Author's Own Name. (see A Nony Mous). Pseudonymous Authorship Raises Certain Legal Points ...
Pskov
Pskov, Pskof, Or Pleskov, Russia. (1) Town, Capital Of The Government, On The Right Bank Of The Velikaya, Which Here Receives The Pleskova, 165 Miles South-southwest Of Petrograd, With Which, As Also With A Num Ber Of Other Cities, It Is Connected By Rail Roads. There Is Also A Steamship ...