Newspapers,. There are several daily newspapers, the chief of which are Democrat axd Chronicle, Herald, Times-Union and the Post-Express, and a large number appearing less frequently.
Clubs.— Of the social clubs the principal are the Genesee Valley, Rochester, Masonic, Whist, Elks, Physicians and University. There are three well-equipped country clubs, the Oak Hill, the Country and the Irondequoit; the first located near Genesee Valley Park, the second about two miles east of the city and the third still farther east. There is also a flourishing women's club, the Century. The Genesee Golf Club is located in Genesee Valley Park and has a large well-equipped clubhouse. The leading literary clubs are the Alembic, Pundit, Fortnightly. and the Wednes day Morning.
Manufactures.-- Rochester was built up by the milling industry. The quality and amount of wheat grown in the valley during the early days made a demand for flouring mills, which was strengthened by the presence of the high falls, so that those structures sprang up on both banks of the river and became so numerous that the place was long known as Flour City* and its pre-eminence in this respect was recognized throughout the country. The development of the enormous wheat-fields of the West caused a decline in this business, so that its relative position was taken by the nursery industry; this was started here in 1838, after which it increased so that in 1904 there were more than .30 firms engaged in the busi ness; besides the nurseries there are several large seedhouses, Rochester being the foremost city in the world in this regard. It is now called "the Flower City.) The first trees sent to California went from here in 1849. Rochester is the home of the camera and is often called 'the Kodak City.) It leads the world in the manufacture of photographic goods and sup+ plies, soda fountain fruits and syrups, enameled steel tanks, filing devices and office systems, thermometers, optical goods and check p•o tectors. Because of the wide range of articles manufactured, it is known • as "the City of Varied Industries>) and has adopted as a slogan, 'Rochester Made Means as practically all of the goods manufactured are of the high+ est grade, Sixty per cent of the carbon paper and typewriter ribbon made in the United States are manufactured in Rochester and the city leads the United States in the manufacture of high class ivory buttons. It is estimated that more than 350 separate commodities are manu factured in Rochester by 1,760 manufacturing establishments. Rochester is one of the largest shoe centres in the United States with 58 fac tories and an annual output valued at $55,. 075,000. In the production of clothing, the out+ put in 1918 was valued at $24,000,0W in its 30 clothing factories. Canning of fruit and other foodstuffs is one of the large industries in the city. Although Rochester ranks twenty-fourth
in the United States in point of population, it ranks first in the production of many manufac tured articles. It is placed third in the pro duction of clothing and has the same rating in the production of boots and shoes. Its total manufactures are valued at $250,000,000. Re ceipts at the post office in 1918 were $1,730, 115.90. The capital invested in manufactures is estimated at $150,000,000 and the total em pl factories oyees in factoes is estimated at 125,000. The salaries and wages paid annually approxi mate $50,000,000. The assessed valuation of property in the city in 1919 was $286,455,240. The tax levy for 1919 is $6,886,165, making a tax rate of $24.065 per thousand.
Banking and Commerce.—A most import ant factor in the commercial and civic life is the Chamber of Commerce, organized in 1888, which now has a membership • of 3,300. It is magnificently housed in its own building con •structed especially for its use and all of which it occupies. There are 16 banks, including four savings banks, the capital and surplus of which, 1 Jan. 1918, was $21,000,000 and the deposits $208,000,000. The clearings for the last six months of 1918 were $188,449,976.
Education.— The Rochester Athenstum and Mechanics Institute — generally known by the latter part of its title—was founded in 1885 as a free drawing school and has. so expanded that it now gives instruction in practical arts and sciences to. about 1,850 pupils and ranks fourth among the technical trade'schools of the country. The University of Rochester, founded in 1850 and located in beautiful grounds in the eastern part of the city, has a faculty of 46 instructors, with 535 students, and a library of 76,800 vol? limes. There are also the Rochester Theological Seminary, of the Baptist denomination, founded in the same year, with a present faculty of 17,, over• 100 and 42,900 books; Saint Beer uard's Theological Seminary, capa cious grounds north of the city, started an 1893, having now 13 professors; 225 students and over 15,000 volumes.• The public school system, under the control of a board of education of seven members, is among the best in the coun try. It maintains 47 buildings with as many principals and during 1918 there were 1,250 teachers with 39,750 registered pupils. The ex penditures of the board for 1918 were $2,301, 867.44. There are four high schools, East High, West High, Washington Junior High and Charlotte High. There are also 32 parochial schools and many private ones, including four academies, two of them for girls and two for boys, and one large institution for the instruc tion of deaf-mutes. The Rochester Public Library operates six branches comprising 75,000 volumes in all; also the Reynolds Public Library with 55,800 volumes, mainly books for reference and consultation.