RAYNAUD'S (ra-nerz') DISEASE, a va somotor affection, occurring mostly in children and young adults, and characterized by coldness and whiteness of the toes, the tips of the fingers, the end of the nose and sometimes of the lobes of the ears. It may exist with other functional nervous disorders, such as hysteria and neu ralgia, and occurs especially in persons of neurotic heredity or temperament. It was first studied by Raynaud in 1862. He believed that the local manifestations are due to constrictor spasm, probably originating in the gray centres of the spinal cord. No central lesions have been found. After exposure to cold, the toes, fingers, nose, etc., become cold, numb and white (local syncope), and pricking draws no blood. When warmth and color return, there is fre quently pain, also congestion, swelling and a purple color (local asphyxia). Either of these stages may be recovered from, or the second stage may end in gangrene of the parts- (Ray mud's gangrene, local or symmetrical gan grene). Recurrences of the disease are com
mon. The prognosis is not good, especially in debilitated children. For treatment avoid cold, use warm baths, electricity and massage. Ichthyol ointment sometimes alleviates the pain. Other remedies should be advised by the physi cian.
rarner, Emma, American novel ist: b. Cambridge, England. She was grad uated from Cambridge University in 1888, came to this country and was employed on the staff of the Youth's Companion in 1896-1902. She published 'Free to Serve> (1897) ; 'In Castle and Colony) (1899) •, 'Visiting the Sin' (1900) ; 'Doris Kingsley: Child and Colonist) (1901) ; 'Handicapped Among the Free) (1903) ; 'The Dilemma of Engeltie> (1911).