RECLUS, ră-klii, Jacques =see, French geographer: b. Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, in the Gironde, 15 March 1830; d. Brussels, Hol land, 4 July 1905. After being educated in the college of his native town and at the Uni versity of Berlin he traveled in Germany, Eng land, Ireland and America. In 1859 he began to contribute to the 'Revue des Deux Mondes) articles on geography, geology, literiture, poli tics, social economy and other subjects, and also became associated with several geographical journals. During the siege of Paris and the Commune he was a member of the National Guard. Captured early in 1871 he was con demned to deportation, but his sentence was commuted to exile and he spent some years in Italy and Switzerland. In 1883 the Tribunal at Lyons passed sentence upon him and Prince Kropotkin as being anarchist leaders associ ated with the International Workingmen's As sociation, but Reclus escaped punishment by his absence from the country. In 1892 he was ap pointed professor of comparative geography in the free university of Brussels. His greatest work is his 'Nouvelle Geographie Universelle: La Terre et les Hommes' (1875-94), a splendid monument of the best geographical learning of our time. There is an English translation by Ravenstein and Keane (1887 onward). His
other works include Terre: Description des Phenomenes de la Vie du Globe' (1867 68), translated into English as 'The Earth' (1871) ; 'Histoire d'un Ruisseau) (1869) ; 'Nice, Cannes, Antibes, Monaco, Menton, San Remo) (1870) ; 'Les Phenomenes Terrestres: Les Mers et les (1873) ; dune Montagne) (1880), translated as 'The History of a Mountain' (1881) ; and 'L'Evolu don, la Revolution et l'Ideal Anarchique) (1898), treating of his social philosophy. His publications relating to the United States in dude (Le Mississipi, etudes et souvenirs' (1839) ; 'Le delta du Mississipi et la Nouvelle Orleans' (1859) ; 'De l'esclavage aux Etats Unis, le code noir et les esclaves) (1860) ; 'Les planteurs de la Louisine et les abolitionistes' i (1861 ; 'Le Marmorisine et les Etats-Unis' (1861 ; 'Le caton et la crise (1862 ; 'Les livres stir la crise Americaine: guerre de la secession) (1862) • 'Les Noirs Americains depuis la guerre civile aux Etats Unis' (1863) ; 'Histoire de In guerre civile aux Etats-Unis' (1864) ; and 'La commission sani taire de la guerre aux Etats-Unis, 1861-1864) (1864).