RECUSANTS, relefi-zants or re-kfizants, a term in Use under the penal, laws of England, when it was sought to force the consciences of the people by legal punishments. Recusants were those persons who refused or neglected to attend divine service on Sundays or holydays in the Established Church or to worship accord ing to its forms. The word is first met with in temporal courts in the first year of Queen Elizabeth, when it was enacted that all persons who, without reasonable excuse, failed to attend some usual place of prayer, should be censured and fined for every offense 12 pence. In 23 Elizabeth the fine was made for every month £20, and later in the same reign it was enacted that if recusants did not submit within three months after conviction they might, upon the requisition of four justices of the peace, be compelled to abjure and renounce the realm, and if they did not depart or if they returned without due license, they were to be • treated as felons, and suffer death without benefit of clergy. In the case of Roman Catholic recu sants the laws were more severe. They were liable to a forfeit of 100 marks (f66 13s. 4d.) for hearing mass; for saying it the fine was doubled and in both cases they had to undergo a year's imprisonment. They were disabled from taking lands either by descent or purchase after the age of 18, unless they renounced their errors, and could not keep or teach schools under pain of perpetual imprisonment After a first conviction they could not keep arms in their houses, could not appear within 10 miles of London, could not travel five miles from home without license, could not hold• any public office, could not have marriage, baptism or burial performed, except by a minister of the Established Church; could not bring any action at law or equity, all under penalties of fine and imprisonment By the Toleration Act (1 Ham and Mary, ch. 18) all persons dissenting
from the Enghsh Church, except Roman Catho lics and anti-Trinitarians, were allowed to meet for purposes of worship according to their own forins on taking the oaths of allegiance and supremacy. The act was extended to include Unitarians in 1813 and in 1829 the Catholic Emancipation Act granted toleration to Roman Catholics.
RED, one of the three primary colors. Mixed in equal strength and proportion with the other primaries, it yields secondaries, for example, with yellow it forms orange; with blue, violet, etc. Also a pigment. The most useful red pigments are carmine, vermilion (sulphuret of mercury), chrome-red, scarlet lake (biniodide of mercury), madder-lake, light red, burnt sienna; these are yellow reds. Venetian red, Indian red (carbonate of oxide of iron) and crimson-lake are blue reds. Red pigments are derived from the three kingdoms of nature, viz.: carmine from the cochineal in sect, the lakes and madders from the vegetable world and the others from the mineral world.