RENOUF, Snit Peter Le Page, English Egyptologist : b. Guernsey, 23 Aug. d. Lon don, 14 Oct. 1897. He was educated at Eliza beth College, whence he passed to Pembroke College, Oxford, where he came under the in fluence of Newman and the Tractarians and in 1842 entered the Roman Catholic Church. From 1855 to 1864 he was professor in the Cath olic University of Ireland, first of French litera ture and the history of philosophy and subse quently of ancient history and Oriental lan guages. He began his career as an Egypt ologist about 1860 and in 1863 defended the work of Young and Champollion against Sir George C. Lewis. He opposed the dogma of papal infallibility and in connection with this subject wrote on 'The Condemnation of Pope Honorius) (1868) and 'The Case of Pope Hon mins Reconsidered> (1869). From 1866 until 1:1.5 he was an inspector of schools and dur ing 1885-91 he was keeper of the Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities in the British Magnum. In 1875 he published 'An Elementary Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Language' (2d ed., 1896), and in 1879 delivered a course of Hib bert lectures on the 'Origin and Growth of Re ligion as Illustrated by the Religion of Ancient Egypt' (1880; 2d ed., 1884). He was knighted in 1896. He left unfinished a translation of the 'Book of the Dead,' with commentary, which at the time of his death was in course of publi cation (1892 et seq.) in the 'Proceedings> of the Society of Biblical Archeology, of which he was president from 1887. The work was com pleted from Renoaf's notes by E. Naville. Re noilf was one of the most careful and trust worthy Egyptologists of his time and was in addition a most versatile linguist. For a sketch of him, with a bibliography of his writ ings, consult the (Proceedings) of the Society of Biblical Archeology (Vol XIX, 1897).
RENOUVIIiR, Charles Bernard, French philosopher: b. Montpellier, 1 Jan. 1818; d., 1 Sept. 1903. After studying at the Bcole Poly technique at Paris, he began to take an interest in politics. He lived a life of retirement de voted to study and writing. His principal works are (Essais de critique generale) (1854-64) ; 'Science de la morale) (1869) ; (Uchronie' (1876) ; 'Esquisse dune classification systemati que des doctrines philosophiques) (1:•:5-86) ; 'Philosophic analytique de l'histoire> (1896-97); (Histoire et solution des problemes metaphysi ques) (1901) ; 'Victor Hugo: le Poet& (1893) ; Philosophe> (1900); (Les Dilenunes de la metaphysique pure) (1901) ; (Le Personnalisme> (190.3) ; 'Critique de la doctrine de Kant' (1906). His philosophy is idealistic and is based on Kant. However, he differs from Kant in several respects. He trusts only in personal experience as shown by phenomena as the true test of validity and distrusts every doctrine of an unknowable as a basis of ex planation of the universe, whether that unknow able be. spiritual, ideal or material force. Realities are of objective as well as subjective aspect. In his theory of volition, he holds that liberty is the real and fundamental character istic of man; and that belief consists also in an act of will. In the field of religion, he is op posed to any doctrine of an infinite God, but believes that the consent of the doctrine of a finite God and immortality is rational and justifiable. Consult Prat, L,