STANLEY, SIB Henry Morton, Anglo American explorer: b. near Denbigh, Wales, 28 Jan. 1841; d. London, 10 May 1904. His name was originally John Rowlands and at three he was placed in the poorhouse at Saint Asaph, where he remained for 10 years, making such progress that when he left the institution he was engaged as an instructor for other children at Mold, Flintshire. In 1857 he sailed as cabin-boy on a vessel bound for New Or leans, where he was adopted by a merchant who gave him his name, but who died without making a will, thus leaving his adopted son penniless. At the outbreak of the Civil War. Stanley entered the Confederate army but was shortly afterward taken prisoner and when dis charged volunteered in the United States navy and later became acting ensign on the ironclad Ticonderoga. At the close of the war he went to Turkey and Asia Minor as a newspaper cor respondent and in 1867-68 was engaged as special correspondent for the New York Herald on the Abyssinian expedition, winning a repu tation as a journalist by sending his account of Lord Napier's victory to London in advance of the official despatches. He represented the same paper in Spain during the Carlist War in 1868 and in 1869 accepted the mission from the pro prietor of his paper to go and find Living stone,)) from whom no tidings had come for. more than two years. He was given full con trol of the expedition and after attending the, opening of the Suez Canal, visiting Constanti nople, the Crimea, Palestine, the valley of the Euphrates, Persia and India, he set sail from Bombay, for Africa, 12 Oct. 1870. He reached Zanzibar on the eastern coast of Africa in January 1871, organized an expedition of 192 men, divided them into five parties and set out on 21 March. He found Livingstone at Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika, 10 Nov. 1871 and re-' mained with him four months, after which, the veteran explorer refusing to abandon his enter prise until it was completed, Stanley furnished him with supplies and returned to England. In
1874 Stanley set out on a second African ex pedition under the auspices of the New York Herald and the London Daily Telegraph. Reaching Zanzibar in the autumn of that year, he learned of Livingstone's death and resolved to shape his course to the northwest. He ex plored the equatorial lake region, circumnavi gated for the first time Victoria Nyanza, prov ing it to be the largest-fresh-water lake in the world instead of a series of lagoons, discovered the Shimeeyu River and afterward, continuing to the westward, discovered that Albert Nyanza was not connected with Lake Tanganyika as had been supposed. He returned to England in 1878 having on his return journey traced the Kongo River from its source to its mouth. In 1879 he again set out for Africa on the Belgian enterprise, which resulted in the development of the Kongo Free State. He visited the United States in 1886 on a lecturing tour and in 1887 organized the relief expedition in search of Emin Pasha whom he met on the Albert Nyanza 28 April 1888 and escorted him to the east coast discovering the Ruwenzori Mountains south of Albert Nyanza on the return trip. He reached England in 1890, visited the United States and Australia, on lecturing tours in the following year and in 1895-1900 sat in Parliament for North Lambeth. He was knighted in 1899. His publications include 'How I Found Livingstone' (1872) ; 'Through the Dark Continent' (1878) ; 'The Congo, and the Founding of its Free State' (1885); (In Darkest Africa' (1890); Dark Companions and Their Strange Stories); 'Slavery and the Slave Trade in Africa' (1893); 'Through South Africa) (1898), etc. Consult his 'Autobiography,' edited by his wife (Lon don 1909); Wauters, A. J., 'Stanley's Emin Pasha Expedition' (London 1890).