SPENER, spa'ner, Philipp Jakob, German clergyman, "the father of Pietism": b. Rap poltsweiler, upper Alsace, 13 Jan. 1635; d. Ber lin, 5 Feb. 1705. Although called the founder of Pietism (q.v.), which resulted in a salutary reformation within the Lutheran State Church, none of the errors or extravagances which marked the development of the movement can be attributed to Spener. His early training re vealed to him the necessity of a moral and re ligious reformation of the German Church and with a view to the ministry he studied practical Christianity at Strassburg, specialized in philol ogy, history and philosophy, gained his degree of master in 1653, spent a year in Geneva where he was powerfully influenced by Leger and Labadie, studied also at Basel, Tiibingen and Lyons, and in 1666 became a pastor at Frankfort-on-the-Main. Pietism developed from meetings at his house at which his ser mons were discussed and the Scriptures were expounded. In 1675 he published his 'Pia Desideria, oder herzliches Verlangen nach gottgefalliggr Besserung der wahren evan gelischen Kirche' or 'Earnest Desires for a Re form of the True Evangelical Church.' It em bodied proposals for the restoration of life in the church, chief of which were the serious study of the Scriptures in private meetings, ecclesiola in ecclesia, a smaller church within a church — a heart of spirituality; the universal ity of the Christian priesthood, the laity sharing in the spiritual government of the church; and regeneration or the promotion of personal piety instead of the inculcation of dogmatic beliefs. The work created a deep impression throughout Germany and much offense among orthodox clergymen, the more so that its premises were undeniable. The 'Pia Desideria' was followed in 1680 by (Allgemeine Gottes-gelehrtheit.' In 1686 he was appointed first court chaplain at Dresden, but soon offended his patron Elector John George III by his outspoken and uncom promising attitude in the fulfilment of his duties. His criticisms of the immorality of the
wealthy classes had previously given offense, but in 1691 the court of Brandenburg was in fluenced to offer him a rectorship and he be came
of Saint Nicholas in Berlin. In a court and government more in clined to rationalism than pietism Spener, how ever, was held in esteem and along lines advocated by him the university of Halle was founded in 1694 and became the centre whence pietism spread. He was a vciluminous writer and the movement which he originated owing to the extremes to which some of his followers went was constantly attacked and abused by the orthodox. The theological faculty of Wit tenberg in 1695 condemned as errors 264 prop ositions contained in his writings. Three years before his death he completed
Bedenken' (4 vols., 1700-02).
Frank, Eng lish painter: b. Sterling, Scotland, 1866. At the Paris Salon his Punerailles dans les Pays Bas' was awarded the gold medal of Paris and pur chased for the Luxembourg (1901). He ex hibited at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1886 and has been represented there every year since. Among his landscapes and genres may be mentioned