6. The Rise and Expansion of State So cialism.— Closely related to the principles and program of Revisionist Socialism and in part contributing to the growth and vitality of the former is the so-called °State Socialism." The chief difference between them is that state socialism has primarily come from radical bourgeoisie instead of moderate socialists, though it must be remembered that in some cases, most notably in that of Bismarckian social legislation, state socialism has been used to aid autocracy and .check radicalism. The same general program of remedial legislation is proposed by both, though their ultimate goal is slightly different. The Revisionist hopes for an ultimate proletarian state but plans to ease as fnuch asossible the passage of the capitalist J over the Jordan of social democracy, while the State Socialist hopes to retain the capitalistic system with great concessions to the laboring classes. State socialism received some consider able impulse from Lasalle, but its chief early leaders were the German, Karl Johann Rod bertus (1805-75), and the Frenchman, Charles Brook Dupont-White (1807-78). More re cently the program of state socialism has re ceived not only the support of statesmen in the German Progressive party, the French Socialist Radical party and the English Liberal party, but also in different degrees from the profes sorial champions of social reform within the capitalistic state, the so-called °Socialists of the Chair,' such as Schaeffle, Wagner and Schmol ler in Germany; Bougie and Gide in France; Webb, Hobson and Hobhouse in England, and Fetter, Fisher, Patten, Seligman and Seager in the United States.
State socialism in actual legislative achieve ment has made the greatest progress in Ger many where there has been enacted an elaborate program of social legislation covering almost every phase of protection to the laboring classes. It has also included the adoption of the state ownership of railroads and other pub lic utilities and a vast amount of municipal socialism. France has made extensive progress in this direction in the latter half of the period of the Third Republic, and Italy, as well, es pecially in the liberal regime since 1900. Aus tria has followed much of the example of Ger many in this movement, while in England, the home of economic liberalism, even the party of Cobden has been converted to state socialism through a process of change which Professor Hobhouse has clearly explained. Its vigorous leader, David Lloyd George, has secured, in the period since 1905, the adoption of a legislative reform program designed to make Cobden turn in his grave and rivaled in content only by German achievements. In the United States state socialism made scant progress until the °accident at Buffalo' put Mr. Roosevelt in the Presidential chair. Down to that time the pluto
cratic admirers of the philosophy of Cobden and Bright, such as Roscoe Conkling and Mark Hanna, had maintained individualism in a po sition of dominance. While Mr. Roosevelt achieved relatively little in the way of positive remedial legislation, he aroused the spirit of the people in this direction and made possible the very considerable progress in advanced social legislation which has taken place in Mr. Wilson's administration. Of all the enemies of the political postulates of economic liberalism state socialism has to date been the most deadly in practical results.
7. Recent Developments of Christian So The growth of social problems and the development of programs of relief have not been without their reaction upon ecclesiastical organizations and policies since 1850. The Catholic party has been especially active in this matter. In Adolph Kolping (1813-65) proposed associations of young workingmen for religious as well as economic betterment ; Bishop von Ketteler (1811-77), F. C. J. Moufang (1817-90) and Franz Hitze (1851-) advocated not only social legislation, but also the organization of gild-socialism under Catholic auspices, but with state financial sup port, as the best agency for solving modern industrial evils. The program was designed, in part, to weaken the state, the secular rival of the Church, and, in part, to attract the proletariat to the ecclesiastical authorities. The Catholic party in Germany has been strong est in Bavaria, from which the Center party, always an exponent of social reform, has been chiefly recruited. In Austria, Karl Lueger (1844-1910) adopted the program of the Ger man Catholic gild-socialists and organized the powerful Austrian Christian Socialist party. In France, Frederic LePlay (1806-82) pro posed to solve modern social and economic problems by developing the °family group'— an organization midway between the old patri archal family and the modern family organiza tion. But much more important than this for social reform was his method of studying social problems, for he is rightly regarded as the real originator of the social survey method of social investigation. Much more influential has been the work of Albert de Mun (1841 1914), who accepted the gild-socialist program and organized the Action Liberale Francaise, virtually the Catholic socialist party of France. Hilaire Belloc and Gilbert Chesterton have tried without success to organize a similar movement in England. Even the liberal Pope, Leo XIII, in his encyclical, Reruns novarum, sent out in 1891, advocated remedial social legislation for the laboring classes, espoused the program of gild-socialism and maintained the special solicitude of the Catholic Church for the lowly laborer, whether urban or agrarian.