A final lesson regarding social reform pro grams has been taught by the World War and that Is, as Professor Hobhouse pointed out a number of years ago in his 'Democracy and Re action', that the state is bound to be obstructed in effective programs of social reform as long as militarism menaces our civilization. As long as citizens are bowed beneath the burdens of taxation to supply munitions for active warfare or to support vast armaments for "prepared there will never be adequate funds for thoroughgoing schemes of social reconstruc tion. A veritable social and economic paradise throughout the western world could have been created out of the funds expended in this war and in a very real sense the final solution of social problems is bound up with the discovery of some method for discouraging or eliminating war.
Bibliographic Note.— There is no ade quate and complete bibliography on this sub ject, though J. B. Peixotto's 'Syllabus of So cial Reform Movements) (University of Cali fornia Press) and F. G. Peabody's 'A Reader's Guide to Social Ethics and Allied Subjects' contain a large number of classified titles. S. P. Orth's 'Socialism and Democracy in Europe,' pp. 273-279, contains a useful list of books. The bibliographies following chapters xviii and xxi of Volume II of C. J. H. Hayes' 'Political and Social History of Europe,' and the chapters of Parts III and IV of F. A. Ogg's 'Economic Development of Modern Europe' are full and up-to-date.
The clearest political history of modern Europe is C. D. Hazen's 'Europe Since The political, economic and social background of modern social reform movements is set forth in C. J. H. Hayes' (Political and Social History of Modern Europe' ; Robinson and Beard's 'Development of Modern Europe' ; J. S. Schapiro's (Modern and Contemporary Euro pean History) ; F. A. Ogg's (Economic De velopment of Modern Europe' ; and Max Far rand's (The Development of the United States.) The proper intellectual orientation for a study of modern social reform is to be ob tained from chapter ix of Volume I of Robin son and Beard, the last chapter of Volume II, and the concluding essay of J. 'H. Robinson's 'The New History,' on 'The Spirit of Con servatism in the Light of History.' The clear est elementary introductions to the subject are chapter xxi of Volume II of Hayes and the chapter in Schapiro on (Revolutionary Labor Movements.' The following works would give a fairly complete account of all leading social reform programs : Gide and Rist's 'His tory of Economic Doctrines) ; Ogg's (Economic Development of Modern Europe) ; Bertrand Russell's (Proposed Roads to Freedom,' Part I ; L. H. Haney's 'History of Economic
Thought) ; S. P. Orth's 'Socialism and Democ racy in Europe) ; E. Barker's 'Political Thought in England from Spencer to the Present Day' and F. S. Marvin's (The Century of Hope.' The third volume of Professor Dunning's (History of Political Theories' is in preparation.
The chief social reform programs down to the Industrial Revolution are to be found in W. W. Willoughby's 'Political Theories of the Ancient World) ; W. A. Dunning's 'History of Politi cal Theories,' Volumes I and II ; James Bonar's (Philosophy and Political Economy) ; M. Beer, The History of English Socialism) ; W. B. Guthrie's (Socialism Before the French Revo lution) ; and J. B. Peixotto's 'The French Rev olution and Modern Socialism.) The economic and social background of post-Industrial Revol ution reform can he found in J. A. Hobson's 'Evolution of Modern Capitalism) and J. L. and B. Hammond's (The Village Labourer' ; 'The Town Labourer) On economic liberalism and utilitarianism good introductory treatments are to he found in Gide and Rist, Haney and W. L. Davidson. (Political Thought in England: the Utilitarians.) On the economist's opposition to economic liberalism one should consult Haney and Gide and Rist; on the rise of Tory Socialism in England, Gibbins, H. D. B., 'The English Social Reformers' and Hutchins and Harrison, 'The History of Factory Legisla tion' ; on Christian Socialism, Flint, R., 'The Philosophy of History in France' ; Gibbins, and Seligman, E. R. A., 'Owen and the Christian Socialists,' in the 'Political Science Quarterly,' Volume I ; on the literary and wsthetic revolt, Barker, chapter vii ; on the utopian movement, Gide and Rist, Kirkup, T., 'History of Social ism' • Noyes, J. H. 'American and Hinds, W. A., ; on transitional socialism, Gide and Rist, Kirkup and Mariott, J. A. R., 'The French Revolution of 1848 in Its Economic Aspects> ; on the rise of modern anarchism, Brailsford, H. N. (Shelly, Godwin and Their Circle' ; and Zenker, E. V., 'Anarchism' • and on the political revolutions of 1848, Andrews, C. M., 'Historical Develop ment of Modern Europe,' Volume I, chapters ix, x.