Higher Institutions.— The following colleges are strongly supported and enjoying prosperous administrations: Vanderbilt University, Nash ville; George Peabody College for Teach ers (General Education Board), Nashville; University of Chattanooga (Methodist) ; Car son-Newman College, Jefferson City (Bap tist) ; Milligan College (Disciple), Tusculum, (Presbyterian), Greeneville; Washington Col lege (Presbyterian) ; University of Tennessee, Knoxville (State) ; Cumberland University, Lebanon (Presbyterian) ; Southwestern Presby terian University, Clarksville (Presbyterian); Union University, Jackson (Baptist) ; Tennes see College, Murfreesboro Univer sity of the South, Sewanee (Episcopal) ; Mary ville College, Maryville (Presbyterian) ; Col lege of the Christian Brothers, Memphis (R. C.) ; Saint 'Cecilia's Academy, Nashville (R C.) ; Sacred Heart Institute, Memphis (R. C.): Junior Colleges.— Several institutions have organized regular junior college curricula as follows : Ward-Belmont, Nashville; Buford College, Nashville; Martin College, Pulaski; Hiawassee College, Madisonville, and the State normal schools at Murfreesboro, Johnson City and Memphis.
Higher Institutions for Negroes.— The highest standards of efficiency are attained in the colored institutions which take their place alongside similar schools for the white race. Fisk University, Nashville (Congregational) ; Roger Williams Nashville (Baptist); Walden University, Nashville (Methodist) ; Lane Col lege, Jackson (Methodist) ; Knoxville College; Turner College, Shelbyville; Industrial Normal School, Nashville (State) ; Academy and Indus trial School of the Immaculate Mother, Nash ville (R. C.).
Charitable The following in stitutions receive their support from the State: The Central Hospital for Insane located near Nashville; the Western Hospital for Insane located at Boliver; the Eastern Hospital for Insane located at Bearden; the Reformatory for Boys located near Nashville; the Tennes see Industrial School located near Nashville; the Tennessee Confederate Soldiers' Home at Hermitage; three of the larger counties in Tennessee have their own industrial schools, namely, Shelby, Knox and Hamilton.
Throughout the State are a great many in stitutions which derive their support through voluntary contributions from individuals, or through societies organized for that purpose, such as the Masonic Home located near Nash ville, the Odd Fellows Home at Clarksville and the Old Woman's Home at Nashville. Many counties in the State maintain charity institutions such as county asylums, poor houses. The State has also in the past given aid to private institutions such as the Ten nessee Children's Home Finding Society and the School for Blind Girls.
Penal Penal institutions are the penitentiary, or State prison, to which per sons convicted of felonies are sentenced; and county jails used for the detention of persons awaiting trial, or those who have been convicted of felony and are temporarily held until they may be conveyed to the penitentiary. Sentences for
terms less than one year are to the county jail, and persons fined by the criminal courts and failing to pay such fines are also im prisoned therein. Under the law a county jail may be declared to be a workhouse, in which case the prisoners may be worked on the high ways during the term of their sentences, or until their fines shall be paid according to a schedule of valuation placed upon their labor. The cities also have workhouses for the punishment of infractions of city ordinances authorized by State law. Workhouse prisoners may be transferred from one county to an other, and hence the labor of prisoners from several counties may be applied to highways, in one county together, an arrangement due to the fact that in most counties there are very few county prisoners.
The penitentiary, or State prison, was es tablished under an act passed in 1829, and be gan to receive prisoners in 1831. It was con ducted under the direct management of the State until 1870, except when held by the United States military forces from 1862 to 1865, and except when under an abortive lease in 1867-68. From 1870 to 1897 the lease system was in force, although the State at the same time employed 'a superintendent, wardens and physicians, to look after the interests of the prisoners and State, as well as could be done under the system.
The act of 1893 provided for a change to the State account system, with a provision permitting the hiring out of a part of the con victs at the main prison under contracts for labor by the day; also for the purchase of farm and coal lands. A farm of 1,100 acres, lying in a large bend of the river six miles below Nashville, was bought and a commodious modern prison was erected thereon. Later 2,400 acres were added to this prison farm. For coal mining purposes the State purchased, the Brushy Mountain tract of 12,000 acres Morgan and Anderson counties, and later pur chased Domain') of 10,000 acres in Bledsoe and partly in Cumberland, White and Van Buren counties. This latter tract is sup posed to contain good coal, hut it has not been opened. In the same act the State is forbid den to mine by convict labor except in the State's mine. A large number of convicts are employed at Brushy Mountain, the number on 1 Dec. 1914 being 616, while those in the main prison at the same time were 1,243; total, 1,859. White convicts were 651, colored 1,208. Fe males 62, all at Nashville.