ing training schooli for operative artisans in recent years became obvious to the manufac turers. With the increasing size of the in dustrial establishments labor became more specialized and operators learned nothing of the technique outside of the special task of tending a machine or some other single re stricted sphere of action, quick pace being the compass of the individual operative. Europe had long since filled the need for training ex pert artisans in all-round textile work to fill the place of chemists, designers, dyers, machinists, overseers, superintendents, etc. In 1872 the Lowell School of Practical Design was established. The Philadelphia Textile School was incorporated at Philadelphia in 1876 and gives a three-year course in all the various processes connected with the manu facture of cotton, wool and silk, including chemistry, dyeing and an ingrain-carpet course. In 1872 the Lowell School of Practical Design was established at Boston, and in 1878 the Rhode Island School for Design was formed in Providence, R. I., to teach technical design ing for the textile trade. The Lowell Textile School, at Lowell, Mass., was organized in 1896 to teach all the branches of tire industry. The New Bedford Textile School, at New Bedford, Mass., was formed in 1895 and opened in 1899. The Fall River institution called Bradford, Durfee Textile School was founded in 1900. The Industrial School at Lawrence opened in 1907 and provides the workingman with a practical education in the textile trade. And in the South several col leges have opened textile departments such as Clemson College, South Carolina (1898), the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, the Georgia School of Technology (1899), the Mississippi Agricul tural and Mechanical College (1901) and the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (1905). For further particulars see under TECHNICAL EDUCATION.
Foreign Textiles.— J. A. Hunter, a Halifax expert, said in 1915: ((There are 145,000,000 spindles in the world spinning cotton,- 56,000, 000 are in England, 11,500,000 in Germany.
The mule or intermittent spinning machine is the staple producer in England; the ring frame, or continuous machine, accounts for about half the spindles in Germany. . . In 1907 Ger many had an outturn of cotton yarn valued at $157,500,000, the British production $395,000, 000 . . . In 1907 (according to the 1907 cen sus) Great Britain wove 397,000,000 yards woolen cloth, Germany 270,000,000 yards. The mule is used in spinning finer yarns and the English, making fine goods, use more spindles, viz.: in 1909 England used 39,000,000 mule spindles against 7,900,000 ring spindles.o In that country spinning and weaving are gen erally products of different mills whereas the two processes are generally combined in the United States mills. In the ring-frame less skilled labor is required than with the mule hence the former is better adapted to this country. Again the output is greater upon the ring spindle giving, therefore, more output besides allowing cheaper labor.
In 1907 England's output of woolen tissues (all wool or mixed) amounted to 188,125,000 yards valued at $88,000,000. Her worsted tis sues (all wool or mixed) were 209,109,000 yards valued at $86,65a,000. Other products for that year were: Value Damask, tapestry and other furniture stuffs (yds.) 6,901,000 $3,805,000 Flannels and delaines (yds.), 50,566,000 9,290,000 Carpets (yds.) 25,766,000 16,295,000 Rugs (Yds.) 3,813,000 3,195,000 Blankets (pairs) 3,130.000 7.380,000 Shawls (by number) 1,142,000 1,220,000 Other woolen fabrics as cover ", lets, braids, etc 224,425,000 Of England's cotton product we have figures: for 1907: Piece goods 7,087,000 yards valued at about $411,620,000, of which were bleached goods (not dyed or printed) 2,200, 062,000 yards; dyed, but not printed 1,142,524, 000 yards; printed (dyed or not) 1,326,059,000. Her silks amounted to the following figures: