6. The Magyars.— Though the Magyars of Hungary and Transylvania are normally and quite correctly regarded as a dominating or gov erning nation, it is at the same time true that since 1526 they have been in varying 'degrees subject to the House of Hapsburg. The Hun garians, presumably an off-shoot of the Finns, came into the great plain of Hungary in the 9th century. They tried to push farther westward imo Germany, but were decisively defeated by Otto the Great in 955. Receding into Hungary, the Magyars remained as a wedge separating the northern and southern Slays of central Eu rope and were organized into a stable state by their first king, Saint Stephen (997-1038). In the 12th century they began their expansion southward through Croatia to the Adriatic. By 1200 they had been converted to Roman Catholicism and had very generally adopted Eu ropean customs and institutions. In 1222 King Andreas II issued the famous Golden Bull which served as the constitution of Hungary until the revolution of 1848. In the 13th cen tury. Hun.gary was overrun by the great Mon gol invasion froin Asia; the Hungarian army was crushed in 1241 and the country devastated. Recovering from this disaster, the Hungarians met a similar fate at the hands of Suleiman the Magnificent, the leader of the Turk ,s some three centuries later at the battle of the Mohacs, 1526. The Turks occupied the most of Hungary and turned the remainder over to the Hapsburgs. After the tragedy of Mohacs the Hungarians never regained their complete independence. until the end of the present World War. In* 1699, by the terins of the Treaty of ICarlowitz, that part of Hungary taken by the Turks was returned to Austria and until 1848 the Hun garians enjoyed a large degree of autonomy under the Hapsburg emperors who reigned as kings of Hungary. The promising revolution of 1848 failed primarily because the Magyars were unwilling to grant to the other nations of Hungary the same concessions from Budapest that the Magyars had succeeded in extorting from Vienna. After the creation of a tempo rarily independent Hungarian republic in the spring of 1849 the Magyars were overwhelm ingly defeated by the Austrians and their Rus sian allies and were severely punished for their uprising. When the Hapsburgs were humbled by the double defeat of 1866, they found it nec essary to placate the Hungarians by the ar rangements of the Ausgleich of 1867, which created the dual-monarchy and raised Hun gary nearly to a plane of equality with Austria. This important concession did not, however, give Hungary independence and it was most un just to the non-Magyar majority in Hungary. The Ausgleich was framed to make possible the German-Magyar repression of the Slays, and the rule of the Magyars over their subject Slays and Rumanians in the attempt to Magyarize all of Hungary has been more brutal and se vere than that of any other state except Russia. The exact nature of the racial derivation of the present Magyar population of Hungary is unknown. Ripley holds that they are the prod ucts of the intermixture of an original Slavic population with a Finnish minority which en tered the plain of Hungary in the 9th century, conquered the Slays and imposed their Finnish language and culture. He believes that in the mixture of the two races the Slays were much the more numerous and that the modern Magyar is about one-eighth Finnish and seven-eighths Slav, a fact• which accotints for the present broadheadedness of the Magyars. The Hun garian languag,e is a Finnish dialect with con siderable evidence of borrowing from the Turks. In religion the Maomrs have since their con version to Roman Catholicism been overwhelm ingly adherents to this cult though there are a few Protestants. In 1910 there were about 10, 003,000 Magyars in Hungary, a number which was over 40 per cent of the total population. This •number includes some 800,000 Magyars in Transylvania, which is chiefly inhabited by Rtnnanians. The most important repressed races were something over 3,000,000 Ru manians, 2,000,000 Germans, about 5,000,030 Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes and Serbs, 1,000,000 Jews, and crver 500,000 Ruthenidns. The re adjustment of central Europe according to the principle of nationality at• the Paris Peace Con ference leaves Hungary one of the 4small na tion0 of the future.
7. The the east of the Mag yars and occupying the northern half of the great plain of the lower Danube are the Ru manians of Moldavia, Wallachia, Transylvania, eastern Bukowina, and part of Bessarabia and the Banat of Temesvar. The product of a considerable mixture of races, these people were gathered under a political organization in the Danubian principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia after the retirement of the Mongols who invaded this district in the 13th century. Under the leadership of Stephen the Great of Moldavia (1457-1504) they had become a power ful military state and for a time fought off the Turks with success, but were later overcome by these Asiatic invaders. According. to the terms of the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji (1774) between Russia and the Turks, the latter were ordered to improve their rule in this region and further progress was made by the Trcaty of Adrianople in 1829 which secured for these two principalities practical autonomy from Tur key. In 1859 the inhabitants of Moldavia and Wallachia defied the Great Powers and united themselves in the joint Rumanian principality, which attained complete independence in 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin and declared itself a kingdom in 1881. In recent years Rumanian
nationalism has been greatly stimulated by the study of the Roman colonization of Dacia and the attempt of Xenopol and the Rumanian his torians to trace the relationship between the ancient Romans and the modern Rumanians The racial composition of the Rumanians is a complicated question. Ripley believes that the original substratum of the Rumanian people was an ancient Eurafrican population like that which originally settled Russia and constituted the progenitors of the Nordic race. Among these there settled a considerable number of Roman colonists in the 2d century. In the west the Slays came in very large numbers following the oth century. In the 13th century the Mongols swept over this district, and in the 16th the Turks conquered it As a conse quence, Rumania is not homogeneous racially, but shows the predominant influence of the Slays in the west and of the primordial long headed Eurafrican stock in the east. The Ru Manians vary from very broadheaded in the Transylvanian district of Hungary to relatively longheaded in the region of the delta of the Danube, and are uniformly short and stocky in stature. The language of modern Rumania is a Romance dialect resembling classical Latin al most as much as some of the variations of medi eval Latin. This is in well-nigh universal use to-day among Rumanians. Perpetuated in parts of this region from classical times, this language has become a vital element of recent Rumanian, nationalism and has been systematically ex tended and adopted since 1860, to the general exclusion of the previous Slavic and Turkish dialects. In religion the Rumanians are chiefly Greek Orthodox. There are about 10,500,000 Rumanians, some 6,250,000 living in Rtunania proper, 3,000,000 in Transylvania, a little over 1,000,000 in Bessarabia, 275,000 in the eastern Bukowina and about 40„000 in northeastern Serbia. Added to these there are about 1,250, 000 non-Rumanians living in what constituted the pre-war Rumanian state.
8. The Bulgarians.—Across the Danube to the south of Rumania are to be found the Bul garians of the pre-war Bulgaria, and of south ern Macedonia, southern Dobrudja, and eastern Thrace. Populated originally by the same longheaded Eurafrican race that had settled the Rumanian portion of the lower Danubian plain, this district was invaded in the latter part of the 7th century by the Bulgars, an off-shoot of the Finns. They founded, in 679, the first Bul garian kingdom, which endured until the con quest of Bulgaria by the Byzantine empire in 1018. Under Tsar Simeon (893-927) the Bul garian kingdom developed to considerable proportions and became the strongest of the Balkan state,s. Recovering .from the Byzantine conquest the &tiers established a second king dom in 1186 which rea.ched the height of its power under Ivan Asen II (1218-41). In the middle of the 13th century Bulgaria was ravaged by the Mongols and was finally conquered by the incoming Turks between 1340 and 1396. The beginning of the Bulgarian national revival dates from about 1830. The brutality of the Turks in Bulgaria in 1876 precipitated the momentous Russo-Turkish War of 1877-7& By the Treaty of Berlin of 1878 Bulgaria was granted autonomy from the Turk, but was un naturally separated into two principalities, Bul garia and East Rumelia. In 1 x5, the Bulgars brolce down this artificial division and formed the united principality of Bulgaria. Twenty three years later ate Hu!gars took advantage of the embarrassment of the Turks during the civil war of 1908 and declared their independence of Turkey and proclaimed Bulgaria as a kingdom. By the =fortunate Second Balkan War of 1913 Bulgaria was estranged from the other Balkan states. Racially the Bulgarians are highly com posite. In the west the contact with the Slays has made the Alpine racial characteristics most prominent, while in the east the traits of the primordial Eurafrican or proto-Nordic race prevail. The Finnish or Bulger invaders of the 7th century have had almost no significance for Bulgaria other than political. Racially they have long been assimilated in the original popu lation and in the neighboring and invading Slays. Turkish occupation has left traces of the Asiatic racial traits. Swarthy in complexion and short in stature, the Bulgars vary from extreme broadheadedness in the west to long headedness in the east. The Bulgarian language is now a definite Slavonic dialect, the original Finnish language having definitely disappeared centuries agn. In religion the Bulgarians are solidly Greek Orthodox, but the Bulgarian church is independent of the org:anization of the Greek Churth. The best estimates put the truly Bulgar population of Bulgaria at about 4,000,000 at the outbreak of the World War, which nurnber constituted over 75 per cent of the total population, the largest non-Bulgar group being Turks. In addition to these there were about 1,250,000 Bulgarians in southern Macedonia under Serbian rule and a very con siderable number in the hinterland of the northern ./Egean, in the Dobrudja district and in the portion of Turkey adjoining Bulgaria.