9. The Extending eastward from the western boundary of Bulgaria to the head of the Adriatic Sea is found the home of the Jugo-Slavs (i.e. the Southern Slays), tbe Slovenes of Carniola, Carinthia, Styria and Kastenland; the Croats of Croatia; the Serbo-Croats of Slavonia, Bosnia and Herze govina ; and the Serbs of Serbia, Montenegro and a portion of the Banat of Temesvar. The Jugo-Slavs are the southern contingent of that general Slav incursion into central Europe in the 6th and 7th centuries. They. were separated from their northern kinsmen in the 9th cen tury by the Magyar invasion which drove a wedge between the two branches of the western vanguard of the Slays. The Slovenes have never created an independent state, but have alternated between German and Italian control and are to-day primarily Germanic in most phases of their culture other than their language.
Croatia was .the first of the Jugo-Slav districts to develop a strong and coherent political or ganization. From 800 to about 1100 Croatia enjoyed a distinguished existence as an in dependent duchy and then as a kingdona, but from the beginning of the 12th century to the present most of it has been controlled by Hungary. Se,rbia became a powerful kingdom in the 13th century and under Stephen Dushaa (1331-55) developed into the most extensive Balkan power that has existed since the decline of the Macedonian empire. The independent Serbian kingdom was overthrown by the Turks at the Battle of Kossovo in 1389, and by 1459 the southern Slays were completely conquered by the invading Turk. Serbia remained in a condition of subjection until the begizining of the national revolt in 1804. The nght of self government was obtained in 1830 and complete independence recognized in 1878. In 1903 the corrupt and Austrophile Obrenovitch dyriasty was eliminated by the brutal assassination of the royal family. The rival Karageorgevitch dynasty whicla succeeded to the throne, in spite of its disgraceful mode of. regaining power, brought to Serbia a more liberal and efficient political system and encouraged a revival of Serbian national sentiment, which has been in tensified by Austnan aggression in the annexa tion of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908 and the creation of Albania in 1913. The little mountain lcingdorn of Montenegro can boast of having been the only Slavic state of the Balkan Peninsula to defy Turkish conquest. After three centuries of ineffectual attempts to conquer the.se warlike Serbs the Turks recognized their auton omy in 1799 and their complete independence in 1878. From the standpoint of race the Jugo.
Slays are the purest and finest type of Alpine Slays. This is probably due to their more isolated habitat which. has prevented as much intermixture of races as in central and eastern Europe. They are very tall and broadheaded brunettes, of so fine a physical type that Deniker has designated them as a sepa-rate race—the Dinaric, but, as there is no doubt that they are true Alpines, this attempt to classify them as a distinct sub-type seems but a needless further complication of an already highly confusing sub ject. The Slovene language differs from the Serbo-Croat, but is an allied dialect. The Ser bian language is the purest Slav dialect of the Balkan Peninsula and.the Croatian language is merely Serb written in Latin characters. In religion the Slovenes and the Croatians are Roman Catholic, while the Serbs are Greek Orthodox. The total population of the terri tory inhabited lay the Jugo-Slavs is estimated at about 14,000,WO, of whom about 12,000,000 are Jugo-Slavs. Of the Jugo-Slavs a little over 8,000,000 are Serbs and Serbo-Croats and the remainder mainly Slovenes. A recent estimate has summarized the distribution of the Jugo Slays as follows: Serbia, 4,500,000; Croatia and Slavonia combined, 2,650,000; Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,900,000i Slovenia, 1,600,000; Dalmatia, 650,000; Istria, 403,000; and Mon tenegro, 440,000.
10. The Albanians.— To the southwest of Serbia lies the little mountain state of Albania,. inhabited by a group of hardy, primitive and warlllce mountaineers. Albania, by a fiat of the Austrian government, vras advanced in 1913 from a tnbal condition to independent state..
hood,rin the effort of Vienna to shut off Ser bia from an outlet to the Adriatic. Albania has had no distinct history but has existed as a group of warring tribes since classical days. Racially the Allaanians are regarded by Rip ley as identical with the Serbo-Croats, but other authorities hold that they are descended from the older pre-Slavic Meifiterranean or Eurafri can race. In culture the Albanians are a strange mixture of Greek, Slav, Turk and Italian. In religion the Albanians are divided between the Mohammedans, Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholics, the Moslems being the must numer ous. Certainly southern Albania or northern F.pirus belongs to the Greeks on the basis of both culture and national feeling. It is esti mated that there are about 1,000,000 Albanians living in the Albanian state, though there are many Albanians scattered about in adjacent districts.