In recard to the organization and adminis tration of the duties of the League, there is one aspect which particularly relates to the small states, namely, the representation of the states in the various organs of the League. It has in the past invariably proved true that one of the chief obstacles to the efficient functioning of international bodies has been the desire of small states to possess an equality of voting power and their equally evident aim to avoid assum ing the impossible equality of duties and respon sibility. That this weakness has not been wholly avoided in the present arrangement of the League of Nations is certain from the pro vision that "at meetings of the Assembly each member of the League shall have one vote,p while at the same time it declares that "the ex penses of the Secretariat shall be borne by the members of the League in accordance with the apportionment of the expenses of the Interna tional Bureau of the Universal Postal Union!' It will be evident, further, that the small states will not contribute an equal number of soldiers or a similar amount of money to the cause of enforcing the actions of the League. It can be said, hoy,ever, that this weakness is to some extent offset by the preponderance of the greater states on the Council of the League.
It will be apparent, therefore, in conclusion, that through the instrumentality of the League of Nations, and in that way only, can the les.ser national states be emancipated and elevated to statehood with a very considerabk benefit to the totality of civilization and with no serious or dangerous drawbacks resulting therefrom.
Bibliography.— In view of the fact that the rise of nationality and its problems was the most important political development in the 19th century, the literature bearing upon the subject of national problems and dis putes leading to and growing out of the World War embraces nearly all the political histories, general and special, dealing with the events and movements of the last' cen tury. The most serviceable guides which have yet appeared in English indicating the more important books in this whole field are E. B. Krehbiel's (Nationalism, War and Society' (1916) ; George Matthew Dutcher's (A Selected Critical Ribliograpby of Publications in Eng lish Relating to the Great War,' published as Part V of Albert E. McKinley's (Collected Materials for a Study of the Great War' (1918) ; and (The Causes of the War: What to Read,' published by the Council ,for the Study of International Relations (London 1918). Professor Dutcher's bibliography contains much more critical comment on the books enumer ated, but his list is limited to English and American publications or translations in Eng lish and to books or pamphlets. The English bibliography contains little critical discussion of the volumes enumerated, but is much more com prehensive, including the more important for eign books and the most sig.nificant pamphlets and magazine articles. Each pamphlet covers the whole field of the modem history of both the great and small nations. See also Neeriott ALIS)i.
The meaning of the term Nationality and its allied concepts is dealt with in a number of books and pamphlets. A very clear discussion of its nature and relationships is contained in Ramsay Muir's 'Nationalism and International ism) (1917), pp. 37ff., and in Theodore Ruys sen's (What is a Nationality?' translated by John Mez as Bulletin No. 112 of the
cations of the American Association of Inter national Conciliation,' March, 1917. The best scientific demonstration of the lack of any cor relation of racc and language with nationality is contained in William Z. Ripley's (Races of Europe) (1899), Chapter ii. The whole sub ject of nationality is analyzed by Israel Zang will in his little book, (The Principle of Nationalities) (1917), a work of real literary merit and considerable critical acumen. A very clear demonstration that nationality in its es sence is a psychological and cultural fact rather than political is to be found in A. E. Zimmern's 'Nationality .and Government' (1918), pp. 32 60. The principle of nationality is analyzed with great power,. if in an unfavorable light, by Lord Acton in his essay on (Nationality,* re printed in his 'History of Freedom and Other Essays> (1909). An admirable syllabus indi cating the most significant problems connected with nationality and giving the more important literature dealing vvith each field is to be found in Edward Krehbiel's 'Nationalism, War and Society' (Part I).
On the history of the development of the national principle and system, see NATIONALISM, THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF. Tile MOSt extended general discussions of the history.of nationalism are to be found in Ramsay Muir's (Nationalism and Internationalism> (1917), and J. Holland Rose's 'Nationality in Modern His tory' (1916), which admirably supplement each other. A good review of the development of na tional unity and national spirit in modern Eu rope since 1815 is provided in the brilliant vol ume on 'The War and Democracy' (1918), by R. W. Seton-Watson and others. While most of these writers are not unfair in their arraignment of the development of Ger man ,nationalism, they create a very inac curate impression by ignoring the exuber ant development of an ardent national spirit in France and England in the last genera tion, and by dealing. softly with the brutal and aggressive Pan-Slavism of Pobiedonostseff and his associates. The authoritative. comprehen sive and impartial history of nationalism is yet to be produced, but there are three brilliant and incisive critical discussions: the above-men tioned work of Zang.will; (\Vint is National Spirit?* by James Harvey Robinson (Century Magazine, 1916) ; and (The War of the Na tions,* by Carlton J. H. Hayes (Political Science Quarterly, 1914). For the details of the political history of Europe, in which the development of nationalism plays so large a part, the reader may be referred to the 'Cambridge Modern His tory' and to the standard manuals of Lynn Tbomdilce, J. H. Robinson, C. M. Andrews, C. D. Hazen, Ch. Seignobos, Robinson and Beard, C. J. H. Hayes and J. S. Schapiro. An drews and Hazen are relatively sympathetic with national aspirations, while -Robinson and Beard, Hayes and Schapiro have produced works which are especially valuable for their synthesis of the economic and political factors producing the world of to-day. The recent period is covered more fully in Holt and Chilton's (European History, 1862-1914> (1917), and H. A. Gibbons' 'New Map of Europe' (1915). Extensive treatments of the whole field are to be fonnd in the volumes of the Cambridge and Oxford Historical Series.