The best general introduction to the problem of the snaall nations in its territorial and inter national aspects is, perhaps, the temperate and comprehensive essay byJames Bryce (The Prin ciple of Nationality and Its Applications,* in his 'Essays and Addresses in Wartime' (1918), chapter vii. A moderate and well-reasoned plea for the political emancipation of the more ad vanced (small nations* is embodied in Thomas G. Masaryles 'The Problem of the Small Nations in the European Crisis' (1916). An excellent brief survey of the obstacles to the realization of this program is contained in chapters iv—v and vii of 'War and Democracy.' The best com pendium of information in the English language relating to the formerly repressed and recently emancipated European nationalities, as well as those in western Asia, is Lothrop Stoddard and Glenn Frank's (The Stakes of the War: a Sum mary of the Various Problems, Claims and Interests of the Nations at the Peace Table' (1918). This work takes up in succession the various national and boundary problems in Europe and the Near East, gives a brief survey of the historical, economic, racial and territorial factors involved and then presents the several possible solutions which have been proposed, indicating in each case the elements of strength and weakness in the proposal: It is not a read able narrative, but frankly a semi-encyclopedic compilation, generally accurate and relatively impartial. A more detailed analysis of the same field, with the author's own solution of the problems involved in the reconstruction of the map of Europe, according to the principle of nationality, is set forth in Arnold J. Toynbee's 'Nationality and the War' (1915). While not always recognizing the standards of impartial ity, this is probably the most satisfactory work yet contributed in English to the analysis of the problems of national reconstruction in Europe. A work which purports to deal mainly with the linguistic basis of national units in Europe, but which in reality is a general survey, though not well proportioned, of the territorial, economic and political factors involved is Leon Domin lan's
Among the most valuable ,wOrks of the detailed treatments of specific areas -are .the chapters devoted to the Bina!' nationsin the.ap propriate volumes of the 'Cambridge Modern History) • Reade, A., (Fin/and and the Finns). (1915); Lewinsld-Corwin, E H., 1Political'ilis tory of Poland) (19/7) ; Hill, N., (Potand and the Polish Question) (1915) • Philfips, W. A., (Poland> (1915); Gibbons, A.,
Her People (1914); Petrovich, W. M., (Ser bia> (1915) • Forbes, Toynbee, et al., (The Bal kans) (19155 ; gPolybius," (Greece before the Conference> (1918) • Cassaveiti, D. J., (Hellas and the Balkan *ars) (1914); Brailsford, H. N., (Macedonia) (1906); and Luria, N., 'Rumania and the War> (1919). The only scientific comprehensive analysis of the races of Europe and the Near East is contained in Ripley's (Races of Europe) (1899), which needs a revision bringing it down to date uid including the valuable ethnographic- investiga tions conducted in the last 20 years. The problem of the disputed boundaries and the matter of establishing boundaries of different types is discussed by Holdicli, Sir Thomas in his (Boundaries in Europe and the Near Eitst) (1917) •, and by Lyde, L. W., (Some Frontiers of To-Morrow) (1915). G. De Greef's im portant discussion of the futility and danger of purely political frontiers in his (La Structure generale des Socktes) (1908) is not available in English, but a general sununary of his position is presented by A. A. Tenney in the Political Sctence Quarterly, September 1910, pp.. 502-08. The geogmphical problems coMplicating the settlement of national claims are fairly well dis cussed by Dominian, but a detailed treatment of the geography of the Balkans in its nationalistic beanng,s is provided in Newbigin, Marion I., (The Geographical Aspects of the Balkan Prob lems in their Relation to the Great European Vvrar) (1915), and in Hogarth, D. G., (The Nearer E.ast) (1902).
The periodical literature dealing with these problems is very large in volume, especially since the Ballcan Wars of 1912-13 and the World War. First and foremost in the list of periodicals discussing national problems in Europei mast be put the recently founded New Europe, edited by a group of the ablest and most liberal of the English and other European historisrns. Its articles have given evidence of the best scholarship and a generally liberal and impartial spirit. The Journal' of Race Development (now The Journal of interriatiOnal Relations), edited by Prof. George H. Blakes lee, has gtven spedal attention to these problems during the progress of the European War. The National Geographic -Magasine has published a large number of elaboeately illustrated articles on the chief repressed nations of Europe during the last few years. Many of these have been of a high order. Most of them ate referred to in the footnotes of Dr. Grosvenor's above memibned article in the issue of December 1918. The Geographical Review, published by the American Geographical Society, has recently printed severed valuable articles dealing with European boundary 'problems. The New York Times Current History kfagasine has devoted many pages to the discussion of the various national and boundary problems involved in the European settlement. The numbers since the signing of the armistice in Ncrvember 1918 have been especially valuable in this connection. A new semi-monthly periodkal devoted entirely to the area under discussion in this article and entitled Eastern Etoope was founded in Sep tember 1919. The New Republic arid The NeW York Nation have also &nven nuich space to Mese questions, which have been discussed in a uniformly liberal and constructive tnanner.
Space does not allow a summary of the More itnportant books dealing with the general problem of a League of Nations and its organ ization and functions. A good annotated bibli ography on this subject by Frederick C. Hicks is to be found in Bulletin 134 of the (Publications of the American Association for International Conciliation,) January 1919. The standard treat tient of the subject to date is the composite work edited by Stephen P. Duggan, (The League of Nations: The Principle and the Practice) (1919), with ample bibliography, For a list of references on the history of inter nationalism consult the bibliographies in Kreh biel, part III.