VIROHOW, ver'no, Rudolf, German scien tist: b. Schivelbein, Prussia, 13 Oct. 1821; d. Berlin, 5 SaV902. He studied medicine in Berlin in 1 , and in the latter year became a surgeon's assistant. From 1844 to 1846 he was assistant at the Charite Hospital, and in the latter year he became prosector there. He qualified in 1847 as a lecturer at the 'University of Berlin, and in that year also he was ass°. dated with Benno Reinhardt in founding. the 'Archly pathologische Anatomie und Physi ologie und klinische Medizin,) world famous as sVirchow's Archives? which he edited alone from Reinhardt's death in 1852 till his own. He made himself Icnown as a pro nounced democrat in the year of revolution, 1848, and his political activity caused the gov ernment to remove him (1849) from his pro sectorship„ but he was soon reinstated, and ac cepted the chair of pathological anatomy at Warzburg. In 1852 he became joint editor of the Cannstatt reports on the progress of medi cine, which he continued in conjunction with others till his death. In 1856 he returned to Berlin as professor of pathological anatomy, general pathology and therapeutics, and direc tor of the recently founded pathological insti tute. He became a member of the Municipal Council of Berlin in 1859, and began his career as a civic reformer. Elected to the Prussian Diet in 1862, he became leader of the Radical or Progressive party;„ and in 1880-93 he was a member of the Reichstag. Virchow was a determined opponent of Bismark's policy, and in 1865 was challenged to a duel by the 'man of blood and iron.1 He exercised especial in fluence in matters relating to public health, and during the wars of lt366 and 1870-71 he took an active part in organizing the army sanitary services. During his membership of 40 years in the Berlin Municipal Council he was active in promoting the sanitary improvement of the city. In 1870 he assisted in founding the
Deutsche 'Ind Berliner Gesellschaft fiir An thropologie, Ethnologic, und Urgeschichte, of which he was several times president and in 1879 he made a journey to the site of Troy, dtscriLecl in (Beitrage zur Landeskunde in Troas' (1879) and (Alttrojanische Graber und SchadeP (1882). He visited England in 1893 and delivered the Croonian lecture to the Royal Society on (The Place of Pathology in Biologi cal Studies,' receiving on the occasion the hon orary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford. In 189S he delivered the Huxley lecture in London, his subject being (Recent Advances in Physiology.' Virchow was the founder of cellular pathol ogy-, was scarcely less distinguished in archxol ogy and anthropology and was the author of many important works, among which are (Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie' (1854-76), prepared in collaboration with others; (Vorlesungen iiher Cellularpatho logic in ihrer Begriindung auf physiologischer und pathologischer Gewebelehre' (1859), his chief work, forming in the 4th edition the first %olume of (Vorlesungen ither Pathologic' (1862-71) ; (Vier Reden iiber Leben und Krank sehP (1862) ; (Ueber den Hungertyphus) (1868) ; Weber einige Merkmale niederer Men schenrasscn am SchadeP (1875) ; (Bcitrage zur physischen Anthropologic der Deutschen' (1876) ; (Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft Modernen Staat) (1877) ; 'Cresanunelte Abhand lungen aus dein Gebiete der offentlichen Medizin und der Seuchenlehre) (1879), etc. It was in fulfilment of the desires of Virchow that the German government erected in Berlin the Path ological Institute and Museum, the greatest in stitution of its kind in the world. Consult his (Life) by Beecher (1801), and Pagel's