Village
Village, The. The Term Village Is Pop Ularly Applied In The United States To Any. Small Community With Less Than 500 Popula Tion. It Is Thus Popularly And Loosely Dis Tinguished From The Town (not To Be Confused With The New England Town) And The City. In A Few Of ...
Villard
Villard, Vil-ards, Henry, American Journalist And Capitalist : B. Speyer, Bavaria, 11 April 1835; D. Dobbs Ferry, N. Y., 11 Nov. 1900. His Real Name Was Hilgard, But He Changed It To Villard On Coming To The United States In 1853. He Entered Upon Journalistic Work, Writing At First For ...
Villeins
Villeins, Serfs Who Grew Up Along With The Feudal Customs Of Europe. A Feudal Lord Received From His Superior, On Condition Of Military Service, A Grant Of Conquered Land, Which He Distributed Among His Dependents On Two Distinct 'tenures Or Classes Of Tenure. The Freemen, Who Were The Kindred Or ...
Villeneuve
Villeneuve, Pierre-charles Jean-baptiste-sylvestre De, French Admiral: B. Valensoles, Deparunent Of Basses-alpes, 31 Dec. 1763; D. 22 April 1806, Of Ancient And Noble Family. Villeneuve Entered The Navy In His 15th Year, And Passed As Captain 1793. In 1796 He Was Raised To The Rank Of (captain Of Division) (equivalent To ...
Villiers
Villiers, Vil'yerz, Charles Pelham, English Statesman: B. London, 3 Jan. 1802; D. 16 Jan. 1898. He Was Graduated From Saint John's College, Cambridge, In 1824, Was Called To The Bar Of Lincoln's Inn In 1827, Appointed Secretary To The Master Of The Rolls In 1830, The Examiner Of Witnesses At ...
Vincennes
Vincennes, Vin-snz', Ind., City, County Seat Of Knox County, On The Wabash River And On The Pennsylvania, The Baltimore And Ohio, And The Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago And Saint Louis Railroads, About 105 Miles South West Of Indianapolis, And 50 Miles North Of Evansville. It Is In A Fertile Agricultural Region, ...
Vincent De Paul
Vincent De Paul, Fr. Saint, Founder Of The Priests Of The Mission: B. Pouay Gascony, 1576; D. Paris, 27 Sept. 1660. Some Of 'his Early Years Were Spent On The Slopes Of The Pyrenees Tending His Father's Scanty Flock; But As The Boy Exhibited Signs Of Re Markable Promise He ...
Vincent Of Beauvais
Vincent Of Beauvais, French Priest And Encyclopedist: B. About 1190; D. 1264. The Years Of His Birth And Death Are Uncertain And Those Given Above Are Most Generally Believed To Be Approximately Correct. Of His Personal History Little Also Is Known. It Is Believed That Vincent Joined The Dominicans In ...
Vinci
Vinci, Ven'clii-2, Leonardo Da, Italian Painter And Sculptor.: B. Vinci, Tuscany, 1452; D. Castle Cloux, France, 1519. He Was The Illegitimate Son Of Piero Da Vinci, A Promi Nent Notary Of Florence, And A Woman -of The Lower Class. By His Father He Was Turned Over To His Grandparents At ...
Vine In Art And
Vine In Art And Sy1polisal The Grape Vine (vitis Vissifera) 4ures Fre Quently As A Symbol From Far Distant Times. In The Greek Mythology Dionysius (and With The Romans Bacchus) Was God Of The Vintage And, Therefore, A Grape Vine With Bunches Of The Fruit Are Among Their Attributes. Their ...
Vinegar
Vinegar Is A Liquor Containing The Acetic Acid Obtained By The Acetous Fermentation Or Oxidation Of Alcoholic Liquids— Hard. Cider, Wine, Beer, Malt Infusion, Beet-root Juice, Fermenting Molasses, Dilute Spirits Or The Like. Its Color, Varying From A Pale Yellow To A Deep Brownish Red, And Its Odor And Taste ...
Vines
Vines, Richard, English Puritan Divine: B, Blaston, Leicesteashire, About 1600; D. Lon Don, 4 Feb. 1656 Educated At Magdalen Col-. Lege, Cambridge, He Was Instituted To The Rectory, Of Weddington, Warwickshire, 11 March 1628,: And In 1630 To That Of Caldecote Also. He Gained Considerable, Fame As ,a Preacher, And ...
Violet
Violet, A Genus (viola) Of Mostly Per Ennial Herbs Of The Family Violacee. The Spe Cies, Of Which About 200 Have Been Described, Are Natives Of The Northern And Southern Tem Perate Zones. In North America There Are About 80 Species Distributed As Far South As The Mountains Of Costa ...
Violin
Violin, A Musical Instrument Consisting Of Four Strings Stretched By Means 64 A Bridge Over A Hollow Wooden Body, And Played On With A Bow. The Principal Parts Of The Violin Are The Scroll Or Head In Which Are Placed The Pins For Tightening And Slackening The Strings; The Neck, ...
Viperidie
Viperidie, Family Of Snakes Constituting With Crotalidx, The Viperina, Or Third Sub-order Of Ophidia. The General Characteristics Of Viperidze Are Wide Angular Depressed Head, Caus Ing The Neck To Appear Small In Comparison; Short, Thick Body; And Tail Tapering Suddenly To A Point. In Some Of The Largest Vipers, The ...
Vipers
Vipers, A Family (viperidcne) Of Venomous Snakes Belonging To The Suborder Solesioglypha And Closely Related To The Crotalicke, Or Pit Vipers And Rattlesnakes. In The Character Of The Poison Apparatus The Vipers Closely Resemble The Rattlesnakes, Under Which Heading A Full Description Will Be Found, But They Differ As A ...
Virgil
Virgil, Polydore, English Ecclesiastic And Author: B. Urbino, Italy, About 1470; D. There, 1555. He Was Educated At Bologna And Ded Icated His First Work, (proverbiorum Libellus) (1498), To The Duke Of Urbino. His (de In Ventoribus Rerum,) Which Followed (1499), Be Came Popular And Was Translated Into English, Spanish ...
Virgil
Virgil, Ver711 (puinaus Vnicuaus Maan), Roman Poet: B. Near Mantua In Cisalpine Gaul, 15 Oct. 70 B.c. ; D. Brundisium, Italy, Z1 Sepl 19 B.c. The Roman Writers Differ Greatly In The Amount Of Biographical Information Which They Themselves Give Us, And Virgil Forms A Marked Contrast Io This Rdspect ...
Virgils Eclogues
Virgil's Eclogues. (virgil's Ec Logues,' Or Selections, Also Called 4bucolics, Or Songs Of Herdsmen,' Are 10 Pastoral S, The Longest Of Which Contains 111 Lines. 'neel; Were Written In 43-37 A.c., When The Poet Was 27 To 33 Years Old And The Times Were Troublous With The Results Of Philippi, ...
Virgin Islands
Virgin Islands, An Island Group For Merly Known As The Danish West Indies, Situated About 40 Miles Eastward Of Porto Rico And Comprising 50 Islands Or Islets, Only Three Of Which Are Of Sufficie_nt Site To Be Lmown, Except Locally, Even By Name. The Three Major Islands Of The Group ...
Virginia
Virginia, The Restored (or Reorgan Ized) Government Of. An Irregular Govern Ment Whose Legitimist Pretenses Were Recognized By The United States Goverrunent In The Crisis Of The Civil War. Its Most Useful Achievement Was The Erection Of West Virginia, And Its Other Chief Interest Was Its Service As A Fore ...
Virginia
Virginia, The Chief Of The 13 Original States, The Most Southern Of The Middle Atlantic Group And One Of The Easternmost Of All The States, Lies On The Atlantic Slope In Lat 36° 31' And 39° 37' N. And Long. 75' 13' And 83° 37' W.—half Way Between Maine And ...
Virginia Conventions Of The
Virginia Conventions Of The Revolution, The. The Change From Colony To Conunonwealth In Virginia Was Made By Me,ans Of Five Conventions, Called Together Between 1774 And 1776. These Conventions Are Important Not Only As Marking The Transition Of This Ancient Colony To Statehood, But Also Be Cause They Greatly Influenced ...
Virginia Military Institute
Virginia Military Institute, A State School Located At Lexington, Va. It Was Established In 1&39 By Act Of The Legislature And Opened To Students In The Same Year. It Is Gov Erned By A Board Of Visitors Consisting Of The Superintendent Of Public Instruction And The Adjutant-general, Members Ex-offici To ...
Virginia Pennsylvania Bound Ary Dispute
Virginia-pennsylvania Bound Ary Dispute. Several Years Before The American Revolution The Rapid Increase Of Set Tlements In The Transmontane Region Beyond The Western Limits Of Maryland, And Especially Along The Waters Of The Monongahela, Precipitated A Bitter Boundary Dispute Which Threatened To Result In Open Hostilities In The Disputed Ter ...
Virginia_2
Virginia, University Of, The State Uni Versity Located At Charlottesville, Va. As Early As 1779 Thomas Jefferson Presented To The Vir Ginia Assembly His Plans For Public Education, V.hich Included A University. This Scheme Was Not, However, Iminediately Carried Out; And After 1814 Jefferson Devoted Himself Largely To The Work ...
Virginius Affair
Virginius Affair, The. The Wir Ginius Affair) Occurred In The Harbor Of Santiago De Cuba In 1873 And Almost Caused A War Be Tween The United States And Spain. The Virginins, A Ship Registered In The New York Custom-house 26 Sept. 1870 As The Property Of An American Citizen, Was ...
Virohow
Virohow, Ver'no, Rudolf, German Scien Tist: B. Schivelbein, Prussia, 13 Oct. 1821; D. Berlin, 5 Sav902. He Studied Medicine In Berlin In 1 , And In The Latter Year Became A Surgeon's Assistant. From 1844 To 1846 He Was Assistant At The Charite Hospital, And In The Latter Year He ...
Virus
Virus, Morbid Poison; The Contagion Of An Infectious Disease. It Is The Morbific Principle, Associated With A Germ That Is The Medium For Communicating Disease Between Men And Animals. The Term More Especially Designates Those Peculiar Poisonous Matters Which Can Re Produce Themselves Under Favorable Conditions To An Endless Degree. ...
Visayan
Visayan (ve-* Sii'y'an) Islands, Or Visayas, The Central And Largest Group Of The Philippine Archipelago, Lying Between Lat. 9° 5' And 13° N., And Between Long. 121° 49' And 125° 51' E.• South Of Luzon, And North Of Mindanao; Land Area, 23,502 Square Miles; Total Area, 77,840 Square Miles. It ...
Visconti
Visconti, Vis-kon'te Or Ves-kon'te, An Old Milanese Family, Celebrated For Its Political Consequence And Its Patronage Of Science. His Tory Makes Mention Of The Visconti In The Ilth Century; But They Disappear From The Time Of The Destruction Of Milan By Frederick Bar Barossa, When, With Some Otfier Noble Families, ...
Viscosity
Viscosity, That Property Of A Fluid Or Which Resists Rapid Change Of Shape Or Arrangement Of Parts; The Indisposition Of A Body, By Reason Of Internal Function, To Yield To The Torce Of Gravity, Pressure, Etc., And Flow Readily. All Substances, Ranging From Gases To Solids, Are Supposed To Possess ...
Vishnu
Vishnu (4vish,)) To Work, Encompass, Or "vis,0 To Penetrate, Related To The Latin °iris,* Energy, Activtty), The Second God Of The Hindu Triad Or Tritnurti, But Worshipped As The Supreme Deity By The Vaishnava Sect, Which Numbers About 60,000,000. Their .behef, However, Does Not Prevent Them Being Votaries Of Deified ...
Visigoths
Visigoths, Viz'i-goths, Or West Goths, The Western Branch Of The Goths (q.v.), Who, After The Death Of Theodosius, Broke Into Italy Under The Leadership Of Alaric, And Captured Rome In 410. Alaric Died Later In The Same Year Before He Had Matured His Plans, And After His Death His Brother-in-law ...
Vision
Vision, Defects Of. The Conditions Classed As Defects Of Sight Or Vision Are Mainly Due .to Anomalies In The Structure Of The Eye, Causing Errors Of Refraction And Other Visual Irregularities. Among The More Common Of These Defects Is That Of Astigmatistn (q.v.), Which Is Usually Characterized By A Symmetry ...
Vision
Vision, The Sense Of Sight. Visual Sensa Tions Include Brightness Qualities (blacks, Whites And Grays), And Color Qualities (reds, Greens, Yellows, Purples, Etc.). They Are Peoduced By The Action Of Light Upon The Eye And, Taken In Conjunction With Certain Other Sensations, Which Are Set Up In And About The ...
Vision Of Judgment
Vision Of Judgment, The. If We Accept Byron's (don Juan) As Something More Than Satire, His 'vision Of Judgment' Is By Far His Finest Satirical Poem And, With The Ex Ception Of Dryden's (absolom And Achitophel' (q.v.), Is The Best Of Its Kind In English Litera Ture. It Wiring Directly ...
Visual Instruction
Visual Instruction Is Commonly Considered As Synonymous With Teaching Through The Use Of Pictorial Representations. In A Wider Sense It Includes All Instruction By Which The Material World Reaches The Mind Through The Sense Of Sight. The Process Is By No Means A Newly Devised One. The Human Race Has ...
Viswaxitra
Viswaxitra, Vls-wiimi-tra, Personage Prominent In The Legendary History Of India; A Descendant Of King Purtiravas, Who Was An An Cestor Of Kusiha. According To Several Accounts, Viswamitra Was Maternal Uncle Of Jamadagni. He Had 100 Sons, 50 Of Whom Were, For An Offense That They :committed, Degraded By Him To ...
Vital Statistics
Vital Statistics. By This Term Is Meant The Statistical Record Of Facts Which Per Tain To Life And Death In Any Given Community. The Term Is Sufficiently Comprehensive To In Clude The Records Of The Smallest Kind Of A Village, Or Those Of A Nation, Or Even Of All The ...
Vitex
Vitex, A Genus Of Trees Or Shrubs Belong Ing To The Verbenaceer And Widelv Distributed In Warm Climates. The Leaves Are Opposite And Are Usually Palmately Compound With Three To Seven Leaflets. The Flowers Are Of Medium Size, With A Short Tube And Oblique, Five-cleft Limb, Which Is Sometimes Slightly ...
Vivisection
Vivisection, The Dissection Of An Animal While Alive; Physiological Experiments On Liv Ing Animals. It Is Practised With The View (1) Of Increasing Physiological Knowledge; (2) Of Confirming Known Facts; (3) Of Giving Dexterity In Operative Surgery. Strictly, Vivisection Im Plies Only "cutting,* But The Term Is Now Ex Tended ...
Vizetelly
Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred, English Author, Translator And War Correspondent; Chevalier Of The Legion Of Honor; French Medal Of The War Of 1870-71: B. 29 Nov. 1853; Son Of H. R. Vizetelly. He Was Educated At Lycie Imperial Bonaparte, Now Condorcet, Paris. During The Franco-german War (1870) He Became A Newspaper ...
Vizetelly_2
Vizetelly, Frank (francis) Horace, American Lexicographer, Author, Editor, Ency Clopedist; B. Kensington, London, 2 April 1864, Educated In Schools Of The Christian Brothers, Saint Servan, Normandy (1870) ; Lycee Baudard (elt)ve Couronne), Nogent-sur-marne, France (1871-75), Ai.d Arnold College, East Bourne, England (1876-80), Litt.d., Oriental University, Washington, D. C.; Ll.d., Saint ...
Vocational Education
Vocational Education. Voca Tional Education Is That Education Whose Chief Aim Is To Fit For Productive Capacity. That Vocational Education Which Is Specialized To The Preparation Of Lawyers, Physicians And Teachers Is Called Professional; That Which Is Designated To Train The Boolckeeper, Clerk, Stenographer Or Commercial Traveler, Including Business Leadership, ...
Vocational Guidance
- Vocational Guidance. Vocational Guidance Is Interpreted As The Effort Of Teachers, Or Others Entrusted With Work Connected With Teaching, To Study The Aptitudes And Capacities Of Young People M School Or College, Or Else Where, With A View To Placing Them In The Trades Or Professions For Which They ...
Vogt
Vogt, Fcrkt, Karl, Swiss Naturalist: B. Giessen, Gerraany, 5 July 1817; D. Geneva, Switzerland, 5 Niuy 1895. He Was Graduated From The University Of Bern In 1833 And Was Associated With Agassiz In The Preparation Of (l'histoire Naturelle Des Poissons D'eau Douce De L'europe Central0 In 1839. He Was Ap ...
Voice And Voice Culture
Voice And Voice Culture. The Art Of Singing Was Developed To Meet The De Mands Of Modern Music. That Which We Under Stand As The Science Of Voice Culture, Or The Means Of Cultivating The Singing Voice That It May Be Used As A Musical Instrument, Came Into Being After ...
Volapuk
Volapuk, Vo-15.-peek', A Proposed Uni Versal Language Invented About 1879 By Johann Martin Schleyer, Of Constance, Germany. The Name Means "world-speech,)) Being Based On English World And Speak, And A Number Of The Vocables Are Modified English Words, The Total Number In The Language Being About 14,000, Some 1,300 Being. ...
Volcano
Volcano (ital Vokano.; From Lat. Vtucaosus, The God Of Fire; Originally The Vol Cano Of Etna, The Tabled Abode Of The God), An Opening In The Crust Of The Earth From Which Proceeds Heated Gases, Volumes Of Steam, Eruptions Of Ashes Mixed With Scoria! And Large Stones And Molten Rock ...
Volck
Volck, Folk, Adalbert J., American Art Connoisseur: B. Augsburg, Germany, 14 April 1828, A Scion Of The Famous Strakonitch Family Of Poland; '1 26 March 1912. His Youth Was Spent At The Art Centres Of Nuremberg And Munich, Where He Frequented The Studios Of The Masters There Assembled. Becoming Involved ...
Volga
Volga, Vorga, A River In Russia, The Long Est In Europe. It Rises Among Marshes And Small Lakes Beside The Valdai Hills, In The Gov Ernment Of Tver, At An Elevation Of About 550 Feet Above Sea-level, And Falls Into The Caspian Sea By Many Months, At Astrakhan. Its Basin ...
Volney
Volney, V61'nt (fr. Vill-n4), Constantin Francois De Chasseboeuf, Comte De, French Author: B. Craon, Anjou, 3 Feb. 1757; D. Paris, 25 April 1820. He Traveled In Egypt And Syria, And Urged Upon France The Conquest Of The Former In His (considerations Sur La Guerre Actuelle Des Turcs Avec Les Russes' ...
Volta
Volta, Vona, Alessandro, Italian Phys Icist And Pioneer In Electrical Discovery: B. Como, 18 Feb. 1745; D. There, 5 March 1827. In 1777 He Paid A Visit To Switzerland, Where He Became Personally Acquainted With Haller At Bern, Voltaire At Ferney And De Saussure At Geneva. Two Treatises, Published In ...
Volta Bureau
Volta Bureau, 'the, Washington, D. C., For The Increase And (effusion Of Knowl Edge Relating To The Deaf, ‘%as Founded And Endowed By Alexander Graham Bell (q.v.) In 1887. It Was The Outgrowth Of Extensive Re Searches He Engaged In During The Years 1878 83, To Determine The Causes Of ...
Voltaire
Voltaire, Vol-tar, Jean Francois Marie Arouet, French Author And Free-thinker: B. Paris, 21 Nov. 1694; D. There, 30 May 1778. He Was Destined For The Legal Profession, But His Inclination For Literature Was So Decided That He Never Seriously Entered Upon It, And The Suc Cess Of His First Tragedy ...
Volumetric
Volumetric Analysis? In Chemis Try, Analysis Consisting In Submitung The Sub Stance To Be Estimated To Certain Characteristic Reactions—the Chemist Employing For Such Re Actions Liquids Of Lcnown Strength, And, From The Quantity Of Liquid Employed To Induce The Reaction, Determining The Weight Of The Sub Stance To Be Estimated ...
Volunteers
Volunteers. Persons Who Enter Mili Tary Service Of Their Own Free Will And Not By Constraint Or Compulsion. In The United States, Especially During The Civil War, Volunteers Iva Eluded Solders Of All Bodies Other Than The Regu Lar Army, But Practically Governed By The Same Laws When In Service. ...
Volvulus
Volvulus, V61'14-lils (latin Volvo, I Roll Or Twist): In Medicine, Term Denoting A Twisting Of The Intestine, Producing Obstruction To The Passage Of Its Contents. A Disorder Of A Different Kind, But With Similar Symptoms And Often Similar Results, Is Intussusception (q.v.). There Are Three Distinct Varieties Of Rotatory Movement ...
Vomiting
Vomiting, The Ejection Of The Stomach's Contents Through The Mouth, Mainly By Spas Modic Contraction Of The Abdominal Muscles, As Sisted By The Active Co-operation Of The Mus Ciaar Walls Of The Stomach ; The Diaphragm Re Mains Fixed, Affording A Firm Surface Against Which The Stomach Is Pressed By- ...