1812-1814. The Wer el 1812 between Great Britain and the lJnited States, which was caused by the of the British and their refusal to recogruze theaVallf the American relolic on the high seas, resulted the defeat of the ZegWth invader& come-hided with the duke of Ghent, 14 Dec. 1814.
1821-1829. The Greek War of Independence wu the culmination of four centuries of Tmldsh bondage. Prior to this them bad been several • ' all of which bad been crushed with relentless cruelty. t the revolt that broke out in 1821 was of a different character, as many Europeans contributed both their money and their services to esd the Greek insurgents. During the 001d9st mid,* followed fully one-kalf of the population is said to have perished. and the TUU, who had called the to their resistance, seemed likely to overwhelm TiVeirt lutionius when F.agland, Ruda and France farmed a league to help the Hellenes. As the result the fiesta of the the bey of Navarino; the French troops drove the combined forces defeated the Turks and the Egigvimimin from the Peloponnesus, and freedom for Greece was at last attained.
The Belgian War of I ndependenes was inspired by practically no other cause than that of a duke for freedom. The revolutions in America, in Prance and in Greece were a means of inspiration, and as Belgium had never been in sympathy with Holland it required but a uark to lcindle the flame of insurrection. In 1839, therefore. tbe independence of Belgium was declared.
1843-1848. The Mexican War with the United States resulted from the annexation of Texas, the independence of which had never been recognized by the Mexican govern ment, and from Mexico's refusal to treat with the United States regarding the adjustment of the boundary. After several sharp engagements, in nearly all of which the United State. forces were overwhelmingly victorious, Mexico City was takeh and peace was proclaimed, 4 July 1848.
1833-18,55. Ths Crimean War grew 4.,ut a a dispute between the Greek and Latin churches as to the • ht of exclusive possession of the Holy Places in Palestine.
and Russia took odte sides upon the quoition, but when a mixed .ummk decided in favor of the Greeks and against Prance, the French acceded. Russia, on the other
hand. continued to make demands upon the sultan, com. mending. among other things, that the tsar be recognised by treaty as the official protector of Cluistians witlun the limits of the Turkish domain. In 18.53 the tsar also proposed thet.England should Join with him in partitioning the sultan's empire. a proposition which was immediately refused. lit view of the drained relations, however, it was but natural that Turkey should declare war against Rusk. In 1854 both England and France cern° to the ndtan's aid. and. an expedition against the Crimea having been decided upon, the allied forces, numbering nearly 60,000 men, attacked the Russians. who. under the command of Prince Menschikoff, bad intrenched themselves, 50,000 strong. on the heights of Alma, a position which was supposed to be unassailable. In spite of this, after one sh contest, the Russians were routed. Peace was ' in April 1856.
1836-1857. The Persian War. The taking of Herat by the Persians, 25 Oct. 1856, was oansidered such a viola tion of the treaty of 18.53 by the British that war ensued between Great Btitain and Persia. Several sharp battles followed. hi which the Persian forces suffered defeat, and final peace was proclaimed in Aprll 1857.
1837-1859. The fediae Mutiny, which continued for nearly two years, grew out of a revolt of the sepoys. or native soldiers in India. The original cause of the trouble was that the cartridges given to them were said to be greased with tallow or lard. which was regarded as an insult to their rel. a Hindu being_forbidden to touch cow's fat; and a illediut, lard. It was late in 1859, before the re bellion was finally crushed. while. in the meantime. the white resideots at Delhi.' Cawnpore. and , many other places were massacred with temlole brutality. Thu. at Lucknew were juat able to hold the city until relief ar rived.
1861-1863. Ths Civa Wer in She Uwiled Skier, which resulted in the defeat of the Southern forces, the re-establish ment of the Union. and the emancipation of the slaves.