The gains of this campaign were substantial. The French had not only been compelled to re inforce their Spanish armies largely at the ex pense of their operations elsewhere, but had lost Andalusia and given the British a footing in Estremadura. Wellington received (18 Au gust ? the title of marquis and Parliament voted him thanks and E100.000. The failure of the Russian campaign compelled Napoleon to recall Souk from Spain and Wellington was able to open the campaign of 1813 with a force of 70,000 British and Portuguese. He had also been appointed commander-in-chief of the Spanish armies. He opened the campaign in May by an advance in the former direction and on 12 lune reached Burgos, the French retreating to the Ebro. Wellington turned their position by crossing the Ebro near its source and after some unsuccessful fighting they fell hack on Vittoria. In a strong position commanding the principal roads through the town they were defeated by the British on 21 June. Being driven from the town, while the British left had seized the Bay onne road. by which they retreated, they were thrown into confusion and routed. Wellington now occupied the passes of the Pyrenees and besieged Pampcluna and San Sebastian. He was created field-marshal and received the Spanish title of Duke of Vittoria. Soult was dispatched by Napoleon, with the title of lieutenant of the emperor, to restore matters in the Peninsula. lie had still a powerful army (80,000). but after a series of engagements, called the battles of the Pyrenees, he retreated into France. Some time being spent in pushing the sieges of Pampeltnia and San Sebastian, the former of which sur rendered 31 August, the latter 31 October, Well ington crossed the Bidassoa in October and in November the whole army descended from the Pyrenees the French plains_ Sonic severe fighting occurred before the armies watt into winter cantonments. On 27 February Welling ton defeated Souk at °rarer and the French retreated to Toulouse Sachet had abandoned Catalonia and reached Narbonne. Another en gagement.thok place in front of Toulouse on 10 April, in which the French after severe fighting were driven into the town. Next day, Soult evacuated Toulouse and Wellington entered it on the 12th. In the afternoon news arrived of Napoleon's abdication, hut Soult declined to submit to the provisional government without further advice and Wellington refused an armistice. Advises having arrived from Ber thier, Soult entered into a convention on 18 and Sachet on 19 April. In a sortie of the garrison of Bayonne, before the peace was known, the British suffered severely. On 30 April Welling ton, leaving his army in quarters, set out for Paris. In May he had to visit Madrid to allay political differences among the Spanish generals and on 14 June he issued farewell orders to his army. He was created Marquis of Douro and Duke of Wellington in May, with an annuity of f13.030, commutable for 1.300,000. afterward 1400,000. He received the thanks of both houses of Parliament. In July he went as Ambassador to France and he succeeded Lord Castlereagh as British representative in the Congress of Vi enna. In April he took the command of the army assembled in the Netherlands to oppose Napoleon. (See FRANCE ; NAPOLEON I ; WATER LOO). On his return to England after the resto
ration of peace he received a vote of 1200,000 for the purchase of the estate of Strathfieldsaye, to be held on presenting a colored flag at Wind sor on 18 June each year. Numerous foreign honors were showered upon him; among others he was made field-marshal of the armies of France. Russia, Austria and Prussia.
With the return of peace he resumed the career of politics. He accepted the post of Master-General of the Ordnance with a scat in the Cabinet of Lord Liverpool in January 1819. In 18.0 he represented Great Britain in the Congress of Vienna. In 18F6 he was appointed high-constable of the Tower and went to Saint Petcrsburgh as Ambassador on the affairs of Greece. On 22 Jan. 1827 he succeeded the Duke of York as commander-in-chief of the forces. On the accession of Canning to office (April 1828) he set the had example of resigning this post on political grounds. He resumed it again on the accession of Lord Godcrich. On 8 Jan. 1828 he accepted the premiership and, resigning the command of the forces, gave it to Lord Hill. During his first year of office he carried the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. In January 1829 he was appointed governor of Dover Castle and lord warden of the Cinque Ports. This year he carried the Catholic Eman cipation Bill. Both this and the repeal of tests were reforms which he had steadfastly opposed and which he yielded to necessity rather than conviction. He fought a duel in defense of his conduct on this bill with Lord IA'itichilsca on 21 March. In 1830 repeated motions for parlia mentary reform were defeated, hut the growing discontent throughout the country on this sub ject and a defeat in Parliament caused the resig nation of the government in November. His op position to reform made the duke so unpopular that he ssas assaulted by a mob on 18 June 1832 and tits Isle endangered. tic accepted the office of Foreign Secretary under Sir Robert Peel. I 1ec 1834, and retired with him. 8 April 1833. In the Peel ministry in 1841 he took a seat in the Cabinet without office. On 10 Dec. 1842, on the death of Lord Hal:. he resumed ths command of the forces, which he held till his death. On the return of Peel to office in 1846 he supported him in carrying the repeal of the corn-laws, which up till then he had opposed. From this time his general policy in Parliament was to support the government of the day.
Bibliography.— 'Wellington's Despatches, 1779-1815,' edited by Colonel Gurwood (1834 39); 'Supplementary Despatches and Memo randa, 1794-1818,' edited by Wellington's son (1858-72); 'Civil and Political Despatches, 1819-32,' edited by Wellington's son (1869-80) ? 'Speeches in Parliament,' edited by Gurwood (1854); the 'Lives' by Brialmont (185(-57); Gleig (1858-60); Hamley (1860) ; Browne (1838), composed of extracts from the records; Hooper (1889) ; Maxwell (1899); and those of Wright and Yon e. Consult also Griffiths, 'Wellington and Waterloo' ; Napier, 'History of the Peninsular War' ; Ropes, 'Campaign of Waterloo' ; Oman, 'History of the Peninsular War' (1902); and Roberts, 'Rise of Welling ton' (1895); Robinson, C. 'Wellington s Campaigns' (London 1908); Fitchett, W. H., 'The Great Duke' (New York 1912). See also INDIA; PENINSULAR WAR; SPAIN.