As the determination to have self-government spread among the central countries—Hungary, Austria, Bulgaria, Rumania and Germany— women were included in the electorate by com mon consent, and this was true of the smaller nations on gaining independence. The new Constitution of Germany, which went into effect in August 1919, gave universal suffrage to women. The fear of an uprising in Sweden caused the conservative upper house of its Parliament, which long had blocked the way to woman suffrage, to yield to the inevitable and it was granted in full in 1919. The Parlia ment of the Netherlands, fearing a revolution, hastened to enfranchise women as a conserva tive and stable element in 1919. The Belgian Parliament, gathered together after the coun try was restored to its people, gave the munic ipal and communal suffrage to women in 1919. A bill giving complete, universal suffrage to women on the same terms as exercised by men has passed the lower house in the Parliaments of France and Italy almost unanimously but has not yet come before the Senate. The ques tion is under consideration by the national and cantonal legislative bodies in Switzerland. Even in the Orient it is seriously discussed. Probably within a few years women will have the vote in all countries possessing any measure of civilization.
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