Later the amendment was again placed on the calendar and 10 Feb. 1919 was set for an other vote. President Wilson cabled from Paris to a number of senators and William Jennings Bryan came to Washington to intercede for it but all pressure was in vain. There was no change in the preceding vote except that Wil liam P. Pollock (Democrat), of South Carolina, chosen at a special election to fill out the term of Senator Tillman, voted in favor. The amend ment, therefore, was lost by only one vote.
Both political parties would have considered it a calamity not to be able to have a vote on the Federal Woman Suffrage amendment until the regular session in December 1919. President Wilson relieved their anxiety by calling a special session of the newly-elected Congress to meet 19 May. The amendment was introduced by six members on the opening day and on the 20th was favorably reported by the committee and placed on the calendar for the next day, even before the President's message was read, in which it was recommended. On 21 May, after two hours' discussion, it was passed by 42 more than the needed two-thirds. The vote stood 304 ayes, 200 Republicans, 102 Demo crats, 1 Prohibitionist, 1 Independent; noes, 19 Republicans. 70 Democrats. Members from Southern States cast 71 of the affirmative votes. The Democrats polled 54 per cent of their voting strength for the amendment and the Republicans 84 per cent.
The Federal Suffrage amendment was intro duced in the Senate 23 May by four members and placed on the calendar for 3 June. The opponents consumed two sessions in discussion. Amendments of various kinds were defeated. The roll was called at S P M. 4 June and the vote was announced, 56 ayes. 25 noes. With the •pairs' that had been arranged the entire 96 members of the Senate were recorded and they stood; Republicans, ayes, 40; Democrats, 26; Republicans, noes, 9; Democrats, 21; total, 66 ayes, 30 noes.
Before this Federal amendment could become effective it would have to be ratified by the legislatures of 36 States, three-fourths of the whole number. The large majority of them meet biennially, in the uneven years and had adjourned before 4 June. but several were still in session and of these Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan ratified in a few days; Pennsylvania and Massachusetts a little later. Mrs. Cart, president of the National Association. at once began telegraphing to the governors of many States a request that they would LAN special sessions for the purpose of ratification, and other influential suffragists exerted pressure This was favored by leaders in both political parties in order that it might be completed in time for the women of the entire country to vote in the general elections of 1920. Gov. Alfred E. Smith, of New York, and Gov. Henry Allen. of Kansas, were the first to call special sessions and they were quickly followed by others.
The ratifications in a number of the States were unanimous in one or both Houses; in the others the favorable vote was very large_ The dates of ratification were as follows: Illinois. Wisconsin, Michigan, 10 June; Ohio. Kansas, New York, 16 June Pennsylvania, 19-24 June. Massachusetts, 19-2a June; Texas, 24-28 June Iowa. 3 July; Missouri, 3 July; Arkansas. .,,
July; Montana, 30 July; Nebraska, 1 August .
Minnesota, 8 Se tember; New Hampshire. 9-10 September; U 29-30 September; California.
1 November; aine, 4-S November; North Dakota, 26 November and 1 December; South Dakota, 4 December; Colorado, 10 Deer-other . in 1920: Rhode Island, 6 January; Kentucky. 6 January; Oregon, 13 January; Indiana, lo January; Wyoming, 27 January; Oklahoma, February • West Virginia, 3-10 March; Washington, 22 'March.
There is strong probability that 36 ratifica tions will be obtained and the Secretary of State will declare the amendment a part of the National Constitution before November 1920 when the general election takes place. This will give universal suffrage to the women of the United States on the same terms as exercised by men and eligibility to all offices.
In Other Countries.— The suffrage move ments in the United States and Great Britain have run in parallel lines since their beginning in each country about 1832. The Worcester (Mass.) convention of 1850 was reported in the New York Tribune and attracted the attentioe of Mrs. John Stuart Min who wrote an article about it which appeared in the Weshogiarter Review in 1851. That year Mr. Mill began his powerful writing on the subject. When a .member of Parliament he proposed it in an amendment to the Reform Bin of 1967 and presented a petition of 1,499 names headed by Harriet Martineau, Florence Nightingale, Fran ces Power Cobbe, Josephine Butler and Mary Somerville. It was lost by 73 to 196. The women then organized societies in Edinburgh. Bristol, Birmingham, Manchester and London. and later a National Association was formed. including Ireland. As president of the Londoe branch, Mrs. Henry Fawcett began her 52 years -of continuous service in this cause. In 1801 the Parliament granted the municipal franchise _to women taxpayers. Jacob Bright introduced the first separate bill for woman suffrage in 1870 but its progress was blocked by the gov ernment. There was a rod prospect ibex women would be included in the Reform Bill of 1414, which enfranchised agricultural laborers, but they were kept out by the efforts of Gladstone From 1866 the movement for woman suffrage in Great Britain and Ireland never ceased and it was supported always by Else most eminent men and women. Petitions tor it were signed by hundreds of thousands. After 1886 there was always a majority in fiver of it in the House of Commons but the gov ernment, whether Liberal or Conservative, systematically prevented the bills from reach ing a final vote. While many minor objections were made, the fundamental reason for the defeats was the fear of each party that it might lose and the other gain by the en franchisement of women. Through the years there were collateral gains, as in the United States. The taws relating to wives and mothers were improved; local franchises were given to women; a vote and eligibility for school boards; municipal suffrage,- a vote for county councils; they were admitted to -various official positions; the universities were to them. In 1907 they were made gible as mayors and members of city and county councils.