There are also in Great Britain the Woman's Liberal Federation; the Women's National Liberal Association; the Scottish Women's Lib eral Association; Association of Women Clerks and Secretaries; Women's Imperial Health Association; Society for Promoting the Employment of \Vomen; and National Union of Women Workers of Great Britain and Ire land, the governing body of which is the Na tional Council of Women.
Many new organizations of women were founded in England during the war. The V. A. D. of the British Red Cross and the Or der of Saint John of Jerusalem extended its work and many hospitals were opened in vari ous parts of the country. The work on the Continent was also enormous.
The Women's Royal Naval Service, otrim ized in 1917, has become a valuable society. service consists of "mobile' and 'immobile' women. The first could be sent anywhere; the second remained at home. The service is strict and exceedingly efficient. There are of ficers, chief section leaders, section leaden and ratings. The uniform is dark blue.
During the war the Women's Army Auxil iary Corps, 14,000 women, worked in direct con nection with the fighting force and an additional 10,000 was called out each month. This, from its initials, was known as the In 1918 this Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps changed its name to Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps, with the queen at the head. Large num bers were engaged in work in France. Their work consisted of every kind of employment undertaken by a soldier except actual fighting. The large majority are skilled workers. One duty is caring for the graves of those fallen in France. The Q.M.A.A.0 wean a khaki uniform. Some of its women have lost their lives in service.
The Navy. Army and Canteen Board also wears a khaki uniform. The Woman's Royal Flying Corps is an important organinttioa. The members do not 8y. but release nen for duty. One section of the of mo tor bicycles. The Woman'sLegion ts expert ir. motor driving, which is one of its beanclas of work The Women's Land Army produced &nog the war much of the home-grown food and cared-for stock and barn-yard produce. \Vo lum:a drivers of the Royal Mail were also miaow the new corps of women workers called forth by the war. The women police have also greatly increased. These bodies of women are all organized and properly governed. Among the recent societies are the Women's Service Bateau; Women's Farm and Garden Union; Women's Reserve Ambulance Corps; and Health of Munition Workers' Committee.
Working-women's Clubs.— The working girls, or workinftwomen's, dubs are organiza tions formed by industrial women and girls • to secure by co-operation means of self-improve ment, opportunities for social intercourse and the development of higher, nobler aims.*
Among the most important of these are the l e of Associations of Women's Clubs and the Women's Trade Union League.
The working-girls' clubs arose out of prac tical needs. They began in London. The Soho Club and the House of 180, the Club and Work ing Girls' House and the Saint Giles's Evening Club for Working Girls were among the earliest. For these members many pleasures and excur sions were provided. In 1883 the movement spread to this country and began with the Indus trial Society of Hoboken, N. J., and the Work ing Girls' Society of •oh Street. dew York, which later became th ' ' rhis move ment soon extended tnrougnout me country. In some cases the clubs were formed by the girls themselves; in others by noted club lead ers, or church-workers. The National League of Women Workers, formed in Philadelphia, in 1897, by the Irene Club of New York, the Industrial Society of Hoboken, the New Cen tury Guild and the Saint James Guild of Phila delphia and the Shawrout Club of Boston, is a notable instance of rapid growth. In 1916 it embraced 120 clubs and had 15,000 members. Its official publication is rhe Club Worker.
Germany early in the field with -uch organizations. In 1865 the Berliner I cite Verein was founded for the improvement of the industrial efficiency of girls of the upper classes; and the Universal German Women's Union was for the improvement of woren's Education and the conditions of working ?? o men. In !RE'S the Union of Progressive \A o men's Unions was organized, which by 1q1(1 had 23 branches, with 2,000 members and a paper, Die Frarenbetvegung. In le89 the 1. lion of Women Employees was founded. ' ich by 1915 had 150,000 conduct' i labor bureau, loan bureau giving free legal aid. Ie 11390 the tv rendschiits was estab lished, with ;,.,: and an ethical propa ganda and maintaining a home for working girls Working-women have organized in Ger many into Socialistic Trade-Unions. Two im portant national societies were in existence at the beginning of the World War: one was democratic and the other aristocratic. The first was Bond deutsche. Frauenverein, Dr. Gertrud Buttner its president. The member of half a million women. The sec Dee liaterlandische Fratienverein with 2.150 branches, evangelical and military, was called the Anode der Kaiser. At the beginning of the war the dissemination of all instruction for women in war economics was delegated to the League of Women's Domestic Science Clubs.