In France feminism and socialism were classed together in the Revolution of 1848. The woman movement did not take root until the Second Empire, when Maria Desraismes and Leon Richer founded in 1876 the Sociiii poor tanhlioration du sort de la femme. This so ciety was supported by Dumas fill, Victor Hugo and other men of note. In 1880 La ligse pour le droit des femme: was founded; in 1890 !.'Union universelk des /miner; in 1891 La Solidorlh; and in 18% Le feminlsine Chri twit In 1909 the French Woman's Suffrage Society was organized. An organization of a different order is LTEisvre de la Chanssie dr Maine, founded in 1871 by Madame de Pms sense to assist child victims of the war of 1871. This has developed into a vast centre of activ ity in all branches of child-welfare. Among other organizations are L'Accesil Frcnocaise de sc,ted to the children of the invalided districts; Papules de la Giterre and Veuries if la Guerre, which were federated during the war into one society called L'assistance de la mere et renfant. The National Council of French women and LTEsevre Parisienne, the latter founded and directed by Madame Brundsch vicrl, accomplished prodigious multi. The As sociation des Surietendaetes d'Irsines and In ftnrieres visite-uses were also organizations of far-reaching service during the war.
Among the first French women to mobilize were the members of the Croix Rouge (Red Cross), comprising the three great societies: Secoirm aux Blesses Miiitaires; L'Union des Femmes de France; and L'Association des Dames Fmtncaises. The Conseil National des Frintnes and the Women's suffrage unions — Ftgd;raticor Nationak, Alliance Nationale and L'Union Frinscaise—also entered into war work. These societies held a great meeting in the Sorbonne in 1915 and planned their work.
Conspicuous among women's organizations during the war was the Woman's Peace Party of America, which became the American Branch of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. This was or ganized in I Jan. 1915, Jane Addams, chair man. During 1917 this organization main tained 200 local branches throughout the United States.
The scheme of the International Congress of Women was formulated at a small confer ence of women held in Amsterdam in February 1915. The result was that the Dutch women formed a committee, for an International Con gress of Women to meet at The Hague. Fifteen hundred women convened there I May 1915, and conferred on international questions. The United States sent 47 members; Sweden. 12; Norway, 12; Italy, 1; Hungary, 9; Germany.
Denmark, 6; Canada, 2; Belgium, 5; Aus tria, 6; Great Britain, 3 and Holland 1,000. The president of the International Committee of the Congress was Jane Addams of Chicagn The American women came forward magnifi cently to aid in war work. The Red Cross with its 5.000.000 members and 3,000 units produced chapter work-rooms, each of which was a little organism contributing to the whole. The National League for Woman's Service in six months drew to itself 300,000 members.
The Women's Committee of the Council of National Defense held a meeting in Washing ton. 1 June 1917, at which 200 national organiza
tions of women met and outlined plans for work and service. The War Work Council of the Young Women's Christian Association; the Division of Women's War Work of the Committee on Public Information; the Stage Women's War Relief ; the Council of Jewish Women; the League of Catholic Women; the Women's Land Army; the Hadessah Women's Zionist Organization for Relief Work in Pal estine and the Mayor's Committee of Women in many cits and towns are among the most conspicuous of the societies produced by the war. The most important and perhaps the latest society of importance is the Woman's Council, League of Nations Association.
Bibliography.— Consult Burrell, Caroline B., 'The Complete Club Book for Women' (Bos ton 1915) ; Cass, Alice H., 'Practical Pro grams for Women's Clubs' (Chicago 1915); Croly, Mrs. Jennie C., 'The History of the Woman's Club Movement in America' (New York 1898); Evans, Anne Marie, 'Woman's Rural Organizations' (Government Printing Office, Washington 1918); Miller, 'The Woman's Club' (United States Department of Labor, Bulletins Nos. 15 and 23, and New York 1890); Otto-Peters, 'Das erste vierte jahrhundert des allegemeine deutschen France, yereins gegriindet au 18 Olt-t. 1865 in Leipzig' (Leipzig 1890); Winslow, Helen M., 'Official Register and Directory of Women's Clubs in America' ( Vol. X X I. Shirley, Mass. 1919). Also list of books and articles in Chautauqua., No. 31; also Winslow, Helen M., 'Story of the Woman's Club Movement' (in New England Magazine. Boston 1908). Regarding woman's work in the European War, consult Addams, Jane, Blatch, Emily and Hamilton, Alice, 'Women at The Hague' (New York 1915); Atherton, Gertrude, 'The Living Present' id. 1917); Arbuthnot, C. C. 'Women's Eco nomic Service in Time of (in Western Reserve University Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 3, Cleveland 1917); Blatch, Harriet Stanton, Woman-Power.' with a foreword by Theodore Roosevelt (New York 1918); flau nter. Gertrud, 'Der Krieg and die Frau' (Stutt gart 1914); Churchill. Jennie Jerome, 'Woman's Work in War Time' (London 1916) ; Clarke. Ida C. 'American V% omen and the World War) (New York 1918) ; 'Letters of Tomasina Atkins, Private W A A.C. (London 1918); Stone, Gilbert, 'Women (id. 1917) ; L'shorne. Mrs. II. M., 'Women's Work in War Time' (id 1917); and the following magazine articles: Ballaigue, Camille, `La femme francaise et la guerre' (in Revue hibdornadaire. Paris 1916); 'Canadian Women War-workers Oversea' (in Canadian illaganne 019); lames, Violet S, 'Women's Work in the Vs.'ar` (in Journal of American History. Vol 12. New York 1918); Maud. C. F., 'What French ‘1 omen arc Doing' tiring Age 1918); Rohn.. Flirat.cth. 'Conscription for 1,Vomen` (in Contemporary h'rtirtv 1'117; and in the Sf aaanne. Via III, 101SI I ',T11114 Si N(.1 i T(/N.
• • via! Fork I the Cei•r(ms', 'I run:fur( ,1 Our I- orrienher.0 ; 'Guide to 1110.1.en Operas'; 'A Daughter of the Revolution', etc.