Churches.— Of the 110 churches, chapels and missions 64 are Englisb-spealcing congrega tions; 74 are Protestant, with a membership of about 20.000 and Protestant constituency of approximately 50,000. These represent every major denomination. The Federated churches have a central office and a paid secretary to promote church activities. More than $100,000 a year is contributed by these church members for missionary and benevolent enterprises. The contributions for local work total above $200, 000. There are five orthodox and one reformed Jewish Synagogues, with flourishing congrega tions. the Jewish population being approximately 10,000, who are active in the business, social and intellectual progress of the city. The Cath olic church plays an important part in the life of the city. The estimated Catholic population is 65.000. There are 22 churches. six English, three Greek Catholic. two Polish, two Italian, two Slovalc, one each of German, Rminnian Croatian, Magyar, Lithuanian and Syrian.
Benevolent and Social Service.— Youngs town has a complete and carefully des eloped plan for organized social service, centring is its Community Corporation (not for profit) organized in 1919. which annually raises in one campaign the funds necessary to maintain 28 affiliated organizations. Of the $12131000 total budget $400,000 is contributed annually by 15,000 citizens through the Community Cor poration. Nursing service is furnished by Go Hospital (250 beds), Saint Elizabeth Hospital (MO beds), Visiting Nurse Association. Anti Tuberculosis League, Community Social Hy giene Clinic and Florence Crittenton Home Association. Bonds for $500,000 have been is sued by the city to erect a contagions hospital Relief for needy families is given by the Com munity Service Society, Musick * Lodging House, Salvation Army, Rescue Mission. Saint Vincent de Paul Society and the United Jewish Charities. The welfare of children is promoted the Baby Welfare Committee. Christ Mission Settlement, Day Nursery, Children's Service Bureau, Free Kindergarten Association, Fresh Air Camp and Joint Committee on Boys' and Girls' Work. Recreation, education, moral and civic training are afforded through activities of the Boy Scout Association (1,000 members), Y. M. C. A.(4,000 members), Y. W. C (3,000 members), Playground Association, Niel son House, Colored Community Centre and the Booker T. Washington Settlement Other or ganizations are the Youngstown Humane Sud ety, Old Ladies' Home, Children's Home, %%el fare Association for the Blind and Social Serv ice Committee for the Blind, and the Mennoeure Mission Settlement. Important industrial
housing projects have been carried out. one company having erected 650 homes at an invest ment of $2,750,000.
Fraternal Orders.— The fraternal orders is Youngstown include Masonic (three Blue Lodges), Odd Fellows, Elks, Knights of Colum bus, Moose, etc. The Chamber of Commerce has 1,050 members, the Rotary Club 130 mem bers.
Education.— Youngstown's schools stand high among those of the nation, due largely to the devotion and ability which has characterized superintendents and teachers since the ning. Among these was Reuben (1820-98) who with two short intermissions was superintendent from 1853-86. There are now 49 public school buildings in the city, valued at on land valued at $550,000, whack with equipment represent a total value of $3,482,000. There are two high schools, Rayne with a notable history dating back to the wall of Judge William Rayen and opened in l4 now with 38 teachers and 930 pupils; and South with 45 teachers and 1,208 pupils; 43 elementary schools, with 489 teachers and 18273 pupds — a grand total of 565 teachers and 20.411 pupils. There are six kindergartens in addition to five others operated by the Kindergarten Associa tion. The social centres regularly maintained at 12 schoolhouses and 13 public playgronn‘ on school property are effective and largely patronized. Schools are maintained also by the Catholic, Lutheran and other churches. The Catholic Church maintains 12 schools. with 130 teachers and 3,679 pupils. Yale School. eita.'s fished in 1895, is a private school of 150 pupils. Large classes in varied subjects are conducted by the Y. M. C. A., Y. C. A.. and other organizations. To supplement the schools the Public Library system is supported by taxation ($31.000— including $6,000 from School Board), and under direction of Reuben McMil lan Free Library Association of open member ship. It has collections totalling 85,000 volumes, a staff of 20 assistants and circulates 310,000 volumes per year from its central building and 45 distributing points, most of which are in schoolhouses.
Newspapers.— The city is fortunate in its high class newspapers—both evening— Tele gram (Rep.) established in 1851, and Vindicator (Dem.) established in 1862 I with Sunday edi tion. Weekly papers in Italian, Hungarian, Rumanian, Greek, Slovak are widely read among the adult foreigners in the Mahoning and Shenango valleys.