BAKUNIN, ba-koon'yen, Michel, Russian anarchist: b. 1814; d. Berne, 13 Jan. 1876. He served in the Imperial guard 1832-38. In 1841-4.3 he was in Germany, engaged in philo sophical study. In 1843, he went to Paris, and entered into relations with the Polish exiles, and shortly afterward to Switzerland, where he participated actively in various socialist and communist associations. The Russian gov ernment in 1847 ordered him to return home; but he refused, and his estate was confiscated. In the same year during the excitement pro duced in Paris by the question of parliamentary reform, he made a speech invoking the fusion of Poles and Russians, for the better and easier revolutionizing of Russia, on account of which the Russian government demanded his expul sion from France. For the next two years he was active in the revolutionary movement at Berlin, at Prague and at Dresden. He was thrice condemned to death for his participa tion in the revolutionary movement at Dres den; a second time on being turned over to the Austrians; and a third time on being handed over to the Russian authorities. The
sentence was commuted to penal servitude, and he was sent to Siberia in 1855. In 1860, he escaped in an American ship to Japan, and from there went by way of the United States to London. Here he joined the work of the revolutionary socialist movement under Marx and Engels, and in 1869 founded the Social Democratic Alliance, which later joined the International Workingmen's Association. His views were thoroughly anarchistic and when he tried to impose them upon the association he was expelled by The Hague Congress in 1872. He took part in the rising at Lyons in 1870. In 1873 Bakunin stopped active work and lived for the rest of his life in Switzir land. Consult for his writings, Nettla s, (Biographie de l'anarchie' (Pans 1897).
ba-kwe-re, a Bantu-speaking tribe of Kamerun, west Africa. They are of medium height, well proportioned and with regular features. Drum signaling is much used, and by it news is rapidly conveyed to long dis tances. Witchcraft and sacrifices still prevail and cannibalism was practised forrnerly.