The Revolution brought it prosperity by crippling its rivals and it was a great seat of privateenng. For about two months in 1776-77 Congress held session in one of its taverns, having fled from Philadelphia in fear of the English. About this period the energy and resources of a couple of immigrant Scotch Irishmen, the brothers John and Henry Steven son, began to push the place forward; new stage and packet lines were established, the roads improved and turnpikes laid out and Jones' Falls diked and part of its course filled in. The European wars of the French Revolution and later threw a large part of the world's carrying-trade, till Napoleon's downfall, into American hands; the *Baltimore clippers* were famous everywhere. In 1792 a large body of French refugees from Haiti came in. On 31 Dec. 1796, the old settlement of Fell's Point was united with it and it re ceived a city charter, it having previously been governed from AnnaPolis. In the War of 1812 it again became a seat of privateers, in revenge for which the British attempted its capture in 1814, but the attack was repulsed 12 Sep tember. To it we owe the *Star-Spangled Banner* (see KEY, FRANCIS Sam) and the Battle Monument. The end of the. Napoleonic wars in 1815, restoring to England her old carrying-trade, was a heavy blow to Balti more. In 1828 the public-school system was
established. In 1860 all three anti-Republican parties held their national conventions there; and on the outbreak of the Civil War the Union troops passing through there were mobbed by the citizens and the first blood of the war was shed in its streets, 19 April 1861. On 23 May Federal Hill was occupied by a Union force and the city remained under mar tial law till the end of the war. The conven tion of 1864, which renominated Lincoln, was held here. In 1888 *The Annex* was annexed to the city, extending its limits two miles north and west and nearly doubling its size. Since 1890 Walbrook has also been annexed. • The National Democratic Convention of 1912, which nominated Wilson and Marshall for President and Vice-President, was held in Baltimore. The first mercantile submarine to cross the Atlantic Ocean — a German boat car rying a cargo of merchandise—evaded the British and French blockade during the great European War, and entered the port of Balti more 9 July 1916. See DEUTSCHLAND. Consult Love, 'Baltimore: The Old Town and the Modern City) (Baltimore 1895) ; Thomas, The City Government of Baltimore' (in 'Johns Hopkins University Studies,) 1896).