BAUMGARTEN, Moritz Julius Maximil ian Paul Maria, German clergyman and his torian: b. Rittershausen, Germany, 25 July 1860. He was educated at the universities of Bonn, Marburg, Breslau, Strassburg and Ber lin,. and at the Accademia dei Nobili Ecclesi astici, Rome. He began the practice of law in 1885; engaged in historical research work in various libraries and archives of Europe in 1887 and in 1888-89 was assistant at the Royal Prussian Historical Station in Rome. He was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in 1894 and held various ecclesiastical offices in Rome. He truveled Europe and the United States in the interests of scientific research; was presi dent of the seventh section of the second Inter national Congress of Christian Archmology, Rome 1900; and secretary of the fifth Inter national Congress of Catholic Scholars, Munich 1900. He is a member of several scientific and historical societies and has received numerous decorations and medals. He is the author of 'Die deutschen Hexenprozesse) (1883) ; 'Hat das System Kneiff eine soziale Bedeutung?' (1892) ; 'Giovanni Battista de Rossi) (1892) ; dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica del Moroni ricerche intorno alla propneti litteraria di esso' (1896) ; (Die Katholische ICirche in Deutschland, der Schweiz, Luxem burg, und Oesterreich-Ungarn) (1900; rev. ed.,
1907) ; Werfassung und Organization der Kirche (1906) ; 'Die Werke von Henry Charles Lea und verwandte Bucher' (1908) ; etc. He is editor of 'Die Katholische Kirche unserer Zeit und ihre Diener) (3 vols., 1899-1901) and a contributor to the Theologische Revue, All gemeines Litteraturblatt, Litterarische Rund safely and an occasional contributor to various scientific periodicals.
Ludwig Friedrich Otto, German Protestant theologian: b. Merseburg, 31 July 1788; d. jena, 31 May 1843. He studied theology in Leipzig; became the university preacher in 1810; was appointed professor of theology at Jena, in 1817; and became widely lcnown as a foremost champion of religious liberty. He was a learned and original thinker, but his writing is oft,en ob scure. His publications include 'Introduction to the Study of Dogmatics' (1820) ; (Manual . of Christian Ethics' (1827); 'Outlines of Bibli cal Theology' (1828) ; 'Outlines of Protestant Dogmatics' (1830); 'Text-book of the His tory of Doctrines' (1832); (Schleiermacher, His Method of Thought, and His Value' (1834); 'Considerations on Certain Writings of Lamennais' (1834), etc.