BEAUREGARD, Pierre Gus tave Toutant, American Confederate general : b. New Orleans, 28 May 1818; d, there, 20 Feb. 1893. After studying military science at West Point he joined the artillery, but was after ward transferred to the engineers. In the Mex ican War of 1846-47 he distinguished himself and was promoted major. On the outbreak of the Civil War he resigned in order to enter the Confederate army and was placed in command of the city of Charleston, S. C. On 12 April 1861 he reduced Fort Sumter and later in the same year led the Confederates to victory in the battle of Bull Run. At the battle of Shiloh in the following year he assumed the command on the death of Gen. A. S. Johnston, but, though very successful on the first day, he was ulti mately compelled to retreat to Corinth, Miss., which he had to evacuate shortly afterward. From September 1862 till April 1864 he de fended Charleston against the siege operations of General Gillmore and Admirals Dupont and Dahlgren. October 1864 he became commander of the military division of the West, in which capacity he strove without success to resist Sherman's victorious advance, and in April 1865 he and J. E. Johnston surrendered. He
was afterward a railroad director, adjutant general of Louisiana and manager of the Lou isiana State lottery. In 1866 the chief command of the Rumanian army was tendered him and in 1869 that of the army of the Khedive of of which he declined. He published Principles and Maxims of the Art of War' (1863) ; and 'Report on the Defense of Charleston' (1864). Consult Roman, 'Mili tary Operations of General Beauregard) (New York 1883).
an, Henriques de, Brazilian geographer of French extraction: b. province of Piauhy, about 1818; d. 1894. He traveled extensively in the region south of Rio de Janeiro, publishing the results of his tour in a volume called (De scripcio de uma viagem de Cuyabi ao Rio de Janeiro' (1846). The Brazilian government subsequently employed him to gather statistics relating to the interior provinces, and he was at one time lieutenant-general in the Brazilian army. His 'Etudios acerca da organizacio da carta geographica e da historia physics e polit ica do Brazil' (1877) is a work of great im portance.