BERNARD, Claude. French physiologist: b. Saint Julien, Rhone, 12 July 1813; d. Paris, 10 Feb. 1878. His parents were small rural proprietors. The parish cure taught Bernard at first, and he continued his studies at the col lege of Villefranche and at Lyons. He was destined at first for the profession of pharma cist, which he soon abandoned for literature. St. Marc Girardin, to whom he submitted one of his works, dissuaded him from following a literary career and Bernard turned to medicine. He paid particular attention to anatomy, dis section and operation. In 1839 he became in terne and in this capacity became associated with Magendie at the HOtel Dien. 'Under the direction of the latter he was soOn attracted to the study of physiology and took Magendie's course at the College de France in 1841. In 1843 Bernard published his first work on an atomy and physiology, the same year his thesis on gastric juice secured to him his doctorate. Within a few years his discoveries placed him iv the first rank among the physiologists of France and of Europe. In 1847 he assisted Magendie at the C,ollege de France and suc ceeded to the latter's chair of medicine in 1855. In 1854 he entered the Academy of Sciences and entered on his duties in the newly-founded chair of experimental physiology at the Sor bonne. In 1868 he was succeeded at the Sor bonne by Paul Bert and became professor of general physiology at the Museum of Natural History. He was elected to Flouren's place in the French Academy in 1868, and became sen ator of the empire in 1869. Bernard exer cised a great influence on the science of physi ology through his works and his important dis coveries, also by. his lectures at the museum,
and by his activity as president of the Societe de Biologie. In his later years he was a world wide figure and his prestige, gained through his discovenes, was sustained by his personal char acter. His death caused universal regret. The Chamber of Deputies, on the motion of Gam betta, voted him a public funeral, the first scientist so honored. A monument by Guil laume was erected to his memory on the grounds of the College de France. It is diffi cult to point out in detail all his original discov eries; they cover the entire field of physiology and time has left them almost intact. His works include (Lecons de physiologie expert mentale appliquee a la medicine) (2 vols., 1854 55) ; (Lecons sur les•effets des substances tox iques et medicamenteuses' (1857); (Lecons sur la physiologie et la pathologic du systeme nerveux' (1858); (Lecons sur les proprietes physiologiques et les alterations pathologiques des liquides de l'organisme) (1859) ; (Lecons sur la chaleur animale' (1876) k (Lecons sur la diabite et la glycoginese ammale) (1877); (Lecons sur les proprietes des tissus vivants' (1866); (Physiologie generale) (1872) (Lecons de physiologic operatoire) (1879) ; (L; science experimentale) (1878), and 'Introduc tion i la medicine experimentale) (1876). Con sult Malloizel, G., (Bibliographie de travaux scientifiques) (1881) and the notices by Chau veau, Dartre and Paul Bert in the (Proceedings) of the Societe de Biologie for 1886.