Berchtesgaden
Berchtesgaden, Bern-ts-ga'din, Bavaria, Village Situated In A Most Picturesque And Much-visited Region, About 12 Miles South Of Salzburg, On The Achen, Or Alm, A Stream Which Issues From The Beautiful Lake Called The Konigssee. It Lies On A Mountain Slope Sur Rounded By Meadows And Trees, Consists Of Well-built Houses, ...
Berengar
Berengar, Bean-gar, Two Kings Of Italy In The 9th And 10th Centuries. Beren Gar I, Son Of The Duke Of Friuli By A Daughter Of Louis-le-debonnaire, During The Confusion Which Followed On The Dissolution Of The Em Pire Of Charlemagne, Laid Down The Crown Of Italy, And After A Civil ...
Berenson
Berenson, Bernhard, American Art Critic: B. Vilna, Russia, 26 June 1865. He Was Brought To America As A Child, Received His Education In Boston, And Graduated From Har Vard In 1887. He Went Abroad Shortly 'after Ward, Having Already Decided On His Life Work. Since That Tirne He Has Resided ...
Berezina
Berezina, Byer-ye-ze-na', A River In The Russian Province Of Minsk, A Tributary Of The Dnieper, With A Course Of Some 335 Miles. A Canal System Connects With The Dwina. It Was Rendered Famous By The Passage Of The French Army Under Napoleon, 26-27 Nov. 1812. Ad Miral Tchitchakoff, With The ...
Berg
Berg, Berg, Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert, (generally Known As Feodor Feodorovitch Berg) , Russian General And Administrator: B. Sagnitz, Livonia, 27 May 1794; D. Saint Peters Burg, 18 Jan. 1874. He Received His Education At The University Of Dorpat And Entered A Regiment Of Infantry At Libau. He Took Part In ...
Bergami
Bergami, Bartolommeo. The Celebrated Trial Of Queen Caroline, Wife Of George Iv Of England, Was Principally Founded Upon A, Charge Of Adulterous Intercourse With Bergamt, Who, In 1814, Upon Recommendation Of The Marquis Ghislieri, In Whose Previous Employ Ment He Had Been, Was Attached To Her House Hold. Bergami, Who ...
Bergamo
Bergamo, He'r'ga-mo, Italy, City And Capital Of The Province Of Bergamo, Situated In The District Lying Between The Rivers Brembo And Serio, And 33 Miles Northeast Of Milan. It Con Sists Of Two Distinct Portions, The Upper City, Situated On Hills, And Now Attainable By A Cable Tramway, And The ...
Bergen
Bergen, Norway, A Seaport On The West Coast, Capital Of A Province Or Diocese Of The Same Name, Formerly The Principal Town Of The Kingdom, But Now The Second. It Is 186 Miles Northwest Of Christiania, And About 25 From The Open Sea, And Is Situated On And About The ...
Bergman
Bergman, Torbern Olof, Swedish Natu Ral Philosopher And Chemist: B. Katharinberg, West Gothland, 20 March 1735; D. 1784. Sent To Upsala With A View To Preparaing Either For The Church Or The Bar, He, Disliking Both, Gave His Attention To Natural History, Physics And Mathematics. He Soon Made Important Dis ...
Bergsonism
Bergsonism, The Teaching Of The French Philosopher, Henri Bergson (q.v.). The Central Idea Of This Philosophy Is Freedom; It Is At Once An Explanation And A Refutation Of Mechanism —a Refutation Of The Claim Of Mechanical Prin Ciples And Methods To Furnish A Final Explana Tion Of Things, And A ...
Beriberi
Beriberi, This Is The Strange Name For A Disease Of Which But Few Cases Are Seen In The United States, But In Ori Ental Countries And In The Philippines It Is Of Common Occurrence And Still More So In Japan. It Is Also Very Common In Ceylon, Java, Borneo And ...
Bering Sea Controversy
Bering Sea Controversy, An International Dispute Over The Territorial Status Of That Sea, Chiefly Between The United States And Great Britain, And Growing Out Of Attempts Of The Former To Protect Its Fur-scaling Indus Tries There From The Canadian Subjects Of The Latter. This Industry Rests On Three Great Herds ...
Berkeley
Berkeley, George, English Philosopher And Bishop: B. Kilcrin, Ireland, 12 March 1685; D. Oxford, 14 Jan. 1753. He Was Educated At Trinity College, Dublin, Where He Took A Keen Interest In The Philosophical Problems Then Un Der Discussion. He Received The Degree Of A.b. With Honors In 1704, Being Afterward ...
Berkeley_2
Berkeley, Cal., City In Alameda County, On San Francisco Bay, Nine Miles Northeast From And Directly Opposite To San Francisco And The Golden Gate. A Channel With A Con Stant Depth Of 42 Feet Leads Straight From The Berkeley Waterfront Clear Out Through The °gate,o Into The Pacific Ocean, Affording ...
Berlin
Berlin, University Of, A Celebrated In Stitution Of Learning In Berlin, Germany. It Is, With The Exception Of Bonn, The Youngest Of The German Universities, But Is Probably The Most Famous Of Them All. It Was Founded In 1810, When The Napoleonic Victories Had Left Prussia Apparently Crushed, And Had ...
Berlin
Berlin, Germany, Capital Of The Empire And Of The Kingdom Of Prussia, 180 Miles South East Of Hamburg. The River Spree, Here Nearly 200 Feet Wide, Spanned By Several Fine Bridges, Flows Through The Centre Of The City, Com Municating Through The Elbe With The North Sea, And Also Having ...
Berlin Congress
Berlin Congress, A Gathering At Ber Lin, Germany, Where The European Powers Undertook The Settlement Of The Questions Grow Ing Out Of The Russo-turlcish War Of 1877-7& The Congress Met 13 June 1878; And Completed Its Labors With The Signing Of A Treaty On 13 July Following. The Treaty Of ...
Berlioz
Berlioz, Louis Hector, French Com Poser : B. Cote Saint Andre, 11 Dec. 1803; D. Paris, 8 March 1869. His Father, A Physician, Desired His Son To Follow The Same Career But The Latter Early In Life Was Greatly Attracted To Tnusic, And Soon Found His Way To The Paris ...
Bern
Bern, Switzerland, The Capital Of The Can Ton Of The Same Name (see Above) And Of The Whole Confederation Since 1848, Situated On An Elevated Rocky Peninsula, Washed On Three Sides By The Aar, Which Is Crossed By Several Bridges, Including The Handsome Nydeck Bridge, The Huge Iron Kirchenfeld Bridge ...
Berna Berni
Berni, Berna, Or Bernia, Frances Co, Beetle, Beena Or Ber'ne-a, Italian Poet: B. Lamporecchio, Tuscany, About 1497; D. 26 July 1536. His Family Was Noble But Poor, And Young Berni Went To Florence And, At The Age Of 19, To Rome, Where He Lived Under The Care Of His Relation, ...
Bernadotte
Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste Jules, Zhon Baptest Zhool, ]sing Of Swe- Den And Nor,yay. B. Pau, 26 Jan. 1763; D. 8 March 1844. He Was The Son Of An Advocate Of Pau And Enlisted In A French Regiment Of Marines At The Age Of 17. He Was Made A Altern In ...
Bernard
Bernard, Beenard, Ber-nard', Or (fr.) Bar-nar, Saint, Of Clairyaux, French Eccle Siastic: B. Fontaines, Burgundy, 1091; D. 1153. In 1113 He Became A Monk At Citeaux; In 1115 1st Abbot Of Clairvaux, Near Langres. An Austere Manner Of Living, Solitary Studies, An Inspiring Eloquence, Boldness Of Language And The Reputation ...
Bernard_2
Bernard, Claude. French Physiologist: B. Saint Julien, Rhone, 12 July 1813; D. Paris, 10 Feb. 1878. His Parents Were Small Rural Proprietors. The Parish Cure Taught Bernard At First, And He Continued His Studies At The Col Lege Of Villefranche And At Lyons. He Was Destined At First For The ...
Bernard_3
Bernard, Beenard, Great Saint, A Cele Brated Pass Of The Pennine Alps, Switzerland, In The Canton Valais, On The Mountain-road Leading From Montigay To Aosta In Piedmont. On The East Side Of The Pass Is Mount Velan, And On The West Side The Point De Dronaz; There Is No Mountain ...
Bernhardi
Bernhardi, Friedrich Von, Prussian General And Military Writer: B. 22 Nov. 1849, The Son Of An Able Diplomat And Historian And Grandson Of A Philologist And His Poet Wife, The Sister Of Ludwig Tieck. He Was Hardly Known Until The English Translation Of His And Der Nichste Krieg' (1911) Was ...
Bernhardt
Bernhardt, Rosine, Barn-hart, R&-zen, Better Known As Sarah, French Actress: B. Paris, 23 Oct. 1845. Of Jewish Descent, Her Father French, Her Mother Dutch, Her Early Life Was Spent Largely In Amsterdam. In 1858 She Entered The Paris Conservatoire And Gained Prizes For Tragedy And Comedy In 1861 And 1862, ...
Bernini
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, Ber-nenc, Jii-van'ne 16-renszo, Called Il Cavaliere Ber Ram, Italian Sculptor And Architect: B. Naples, 7 Dec. 1598; D. Rome, 28 Nov. 1680. His Father Was A Sculptor, And Even In Childhood He Showed Remarlcable Aptitude In This Art. Thus Richly Endowed By Nature And Favored By Circum ...
Bernis
Bernis, Francois Joachim De Pierres De, Bar-nes, F R6n-swa Jo-a-kem Pear De, French Cardinal And Minister Of Louis Xv: B. Saint Marcel, De L'ardeche, 1715; D. Rome, 2 Nov. 1794. Madame De Pompadour Presented Him To Louis Xv, Who, Being Pleased With Him, As Signed To Him An Apartment In ...
Bernstorff
Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich A, Cbunt Von, German Diplomat: B. London, 14 Nov. 1862. He Received His Early Education In England, Where His Father Was The German Ambassador—before 1871, Prussian Minister. During The Franco-prussian War He Acted As A Press Agent In London For His Govenunent, Transmitting To Berlin All The ...
Bernward
Bernward, Saint, Bishop Of Hildes Beim: B. About 950; D. 20 Nov. 1022. He Was Equally Distinguished In Theology And Art, De Voting Himself To Painting, Gold And Mosaic Work. About 988 He Was Charged By The Em Press Theophania, Widow Of Otho Ii, To Under Take The Education Of ...
Berthier
Berthier, Bar-tya, Louis Alexandre, Marshal Of France, Prince And Duke Of Neu Chatel And Valengin, Prince Of Wagram: B. Versailles, 20 Noy. 1753; D. Bamberg, 1 June 1815. In The American War Of Independence He Served Under Lafayette. In The Early Days Of The Revolution, He Aided In The Escape ...
Berthollet
Berthollet, Claude Louis, Count, French Chemist Of Distinction: B. Talloire, Savoy, 9 Dec. 1748; D. Paris, 7 Nov. 1822. He Studied Medicine At Turin; Went To Paris, Where He Became Connected With La Voisier, Was Admitted In 1780 A Member Of The Academy Of Sciences In That City; Was Made ...
Bertillon System
Bertillon System, A Scientific Method Of Identifying Suspected Male Criminals, Invented March 1879, And Set Forth In 1885 By Dr. Alphonse Bertillon Of Paris. As Now In Use It Is Not A Single System, But A Combination Of The One Invented By Himself With Two Others Approved By Use. It ...
Berulle
Berulle, Ba-rtl, Pierre De, French Cardinal: B. Near Troyes, 4 Feb. 1575; D. Paris, 2 Oct. 1629. He Early Showed Remarkable Men Tal Acuteness And Knowledge, And Became Dis Tinguished For Skill In Controversy. He Instituted, And Was The First Superior Of, The Order Of Carmelites In France, And Also ...
Berwick
Berwick, James Fitz-james, Duke Of French Marshal: B. Moulins, 1670; D. 1734. He Was The Natural Son Of The Duke Of York, After Ward King James Ii, And Arabella Churchill, Sister Of The Duke Of Marlborough; And First Went By The Name Of Fitz-james. He Received His Education In France, ...
Berwick On Tweed
Berwick-on-tweed, England, Sea Port Town, Once Forming A County Of Itself, But Now Incorporated In- Northumberland, On The North Or Scottish Side Of The Tweed, Within Half A Mile Of Its Mouth. It Is Surrounded By A Complete Series Of Ramparts, Which Are Well Pre. Served, And Along Which Is ...
Berzelius
Berzelius, Ber-tsni-os, Jons Jakob Baron, Swedish Chemist Of Distinction: B. Westerlosa, East Gothland, Sweden, 29 Aug. 1779; D. Stockholm, 7 Aug. 1848. The First Fruit Of His Studies And Of A Year's Residence As Assistant To A Physician At The Famous Watering Place Of Medewi, Was The 'nova Analysis Aquarum ...
Berzsenyi
Berzsenyi, Mezha-nyl, Daniel, Hun Garian Poet: B. Heyte, 1776; D. 1836. An Au Thorized Version Of His 'versa' Appeared In 1813 And In 1816 Was Reprinted With His Consent And Speedily Became Classic In Hungarian Lit Erature. The Poems Received A Hearty Acclaim From The Younger Patriots. The Best Edition ...
Besant
Besant, Annie, English Theoso Phist And Author: B. London, 1 Oct. 1847. She Was Married In 1867 To The Rev. Frank Besant, Brother Of Sir Walter Besant, But Was Legally Separated From Him In 1873. She Early Mani Fested An Earnest Interest In Social And Political Topics, And In 1874 ...
Besant_2
Besant, Want', Sir Walter, English Novelist: B. Portsmouth, England, 14 Aug. 1836; D. London, 9 June 1901. He Was Educated In London And At Christ's College, Cambridge, Where He Graduated With Mathematical Honors. He Was For A Time Professor In The Royal Col Lege, Mauritius. His First Work, (studies In ...
Besnard
Besnard, (paul) Albert, French Painter: B. Paris, 2 June 1849. His Parents Were Both Artists, His Father Having Studied Under Ingres. The Young Besnard, With Such Influences, Showed An Early Aptitude For Art-study And Went Into Cabanel's Private Studio At The Age Of Seventeen. He Studied Un Der Bremond As ...
Bessel
Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm, German As Tronomer: B. Minden, Prussia, 22 July 1784; D. 17 March 1846. An Astronomical Tract Which He Had Drawn Up Brought Him Into Communica Tion With Olbers, Who Encouraged Him In His Labors And Procured For Him The Appointment Of Inspector Of Astronomical Instruments To The ...
Bessey
Bessey, Charles Edwin, American Bot Anist: B. Milton, Ohio, 21 May 1845; D. Lin Coln, Neb., 25 Feb. 1915. He Was Graduated At Thc Michigan Agricultural College 1869, Studied At Harvard Under Asa Gray 1872 And 1875 76, And Was Professor Of Botany At The Iowa Agricultural College 1870-84; Professor ...
Bestiaries
Bestiaries, The Nasne Given To Certain Extremely Popular Books Of The Middle Ages. In The Written Volumes, Sometimes With Copions Illustrations, Were Given Descriptions Of Ani Mals, Real And Imaginary, Which Was Which Being Left To The Discretion Or Knowledge Of The Readers. They Were Composed In Verse Or Prose ...
Bestuzhev Ryumi N
Bestuzhev-ryumi N, Ryoo'men, Alexei Petrovitch, Count, Rus Sian Statesman: B. Moscow 1693, Of A Family Of English Origin, And Of The Second Class Of Nobles In Russia; D. Saint Petersburg, 21 April 1768. He Entered The Civil Service Un Der Peter The Great, And Became A Diplomatist. Under The Empress ...
Bethlehem
Bethlehem, Beth-le-em, Or -hem, (bm Lahm, ((house Of Bread); Also Known As Ephra Tah, Qthe Fruitful)), Palestine, A Village Five Miles From Jerusalem And Only Second To Jeru Salem In Sacred Interest. It Lies At The Foot Of A Hill Covered With Vines And Olive-trees, And Is Of Surpassing Interest ...
Bethlehem_2
Bethlehem, Pa., Borough Of North Ampton And Lehigh Counties, On The Lehigh River And Canal, And On The Lehigh Valley, The Central Of New Jersey, The Pennsylvania And The Lehigh And New England Railroads, 57 Miles North Of Philadelphia. It Is Prominent Both As A Manufacturing Centre, The Seat Of ...
Bethmann Hollweg
Bethmann-hollweg, Theobald Theodore Friedrich Alfred Von, German Statesman: B. Hohenfinow, Brandenburg, 29 Nov. 1856. Descended From One Of The Oldest Patrician Families, Who Were Engaged As Bank Ers At Frankfort-on-main, He Was Educated At The Universities Of Strassburg, Leipzig, Berlin And Bonn. At The Last Named He Was A Fellow ...
Betrothed
Betrothed, The ( Promessi Sposp). There Are Three Redactions Of This Masterpiece Of Alessandro Manzoni. The First (1821-23) Bore The Title 'fermo E Lucia' And Constituted A Vast Historical Canvas, Rich In Digressive Epi Sode Of Milanese Life Around 1630, The Year Of The Great Pestilence. In The Second, Entitled ...
Betrothment
Betrothment, Or. Betrothal, A Mutual Promise Or Compact Between Two Par Ties, By Which They Bind Themselves To Marry. The Word Imports Giving One's Troth, That Is, True Faith Or Promise. Formal Ceremonies Of Betrothment Are Not The Custom In The United States And Great Britain, As On The Continent, ...
Betterton
Betterton, Thomas, English Actor: B. August 1635; D. London, 28 April 1710. He Was The Son Of An Under-cook In The Service Of Charles I, And Was Apprenticed To A Bookseller In London. His Master, Mr. Rhodes, Obtained A License For A Company Of Players In 1659, And With Him ...
Betting
Betting, The Staking Or Pledging Of Money Or Property Upon A Contingency Or Issue. The Processes Of Betting May Be Best Illustrated In Connection With Horse-racing, Which Fur Nishes The Members Of The Bettmg Fraternity With Their Best Markets. Bettors Are Divided Into Two Classes— The Backers Of Horses, And ...
Beverages
Beverages. Beverages Are Those Drinks To Which Mankind Resorts In Order That He May Relieve The Pangs Of Thirst Or Supply Some Other Demand Of The System. In The Beginning Man's Life Was Marked By Its Simplicity. Our First Parents Were Content To Eat The Fruits That They Found So ...
Beveridge
Beveridge, William, English Divine: B. Barrow, Leicestershire, 1637; D. Westminster 1708. He Studied At Saint John's College, Cam Bridge, Devoting His Attention Particularly To Oriental Literature. In 1658 He Published A Work On Eastern Tongues, Especially Hebrew, Chaldee, ,syriac, Arabic And Samaritan, Accom Panied With A Syriac Grammar. In 1660 ...
Bewick
Bewick, Hint, Thomas, English Wood Engraver: B. Cherryburn, Northumberland, 12 Aug. 1753; D. Gateshead, 8 Nov. 1828. He Early Showed A Great Talent For Drawing, And Was Apprenticed To An Engraver In Newcastle. The Celebrated Dr. Hutton, Of Woolwich, Then A Schoolmaster In Newcastle, Was Preparing His Great Work On ...
Beyers
Beyers, Christian Frederick, South African General: B. 1869; D. 8 Dec. 1914. A Lawyer By Profession, He Enlisted As A Private Soldier In The Boer Army During The South Af Rican War (1899-1902) And Rose To The Rank Of Assistant Commandant-general For The Northern District. His Principal Achievement Was The ...
Beza
Beza, Wiz; Or De Bezb, Biz, Theodore, Calvinistic Divine: B. Of A Noble Family At Vezelay, In Burgundy, 24 June 1519; D. 13 Oct. 1605. He Was Educated In Orleans Under Melchior Vo!mar, A German Philologer Devoted To The Reformation; And, Early Famil Iar With The Ancient Classkal Literature, He ...
Bezique
Bezique, A Card Game Which Crystallized Into Official Form In 11387. Two Packs Of Cards Are Used, Two Players Participate And The Cards Rank, Ace High, Thcn Ten, King, Queen, Knave, Nine, Eight And Seven. All Cards Below That Are Discarded From Both Packs. Eight Cards Are Dealt To Each ...
Bezobrazov
Bezobrazov, Vladitnir Pavlovich, Bie'-abra-zof, Russian Political Economist And Publicist: B. 3 Jan. 1828; D. 29 Aug. 1889. He Received His Education In The Imperial Aleks Ander College. In The Governmental Service He Spent A Few Years In Almost Every Department And Finally Became A Senator. In Recognition Of His Activities ...
Bhutan
Bhutan, Bhoo-tiin', An Independent State In The Eastern Himalayas, With An Area Of About 16,800 Square Miles, Lying Between Tibet On The North And Assam And The Jalpaiguri District On The South And Consisting Of Rugged And Lofty Mountains, Abounding In Sublime And Picturesque Scenery. Pop. (estimated) 250,000. The Climate ...
Bianchini
Bianchini, Francesco, Italian Antiquarian And Astronomer: B. Verona, 13 Dec. 1662; D. Rome, 2 March 1729. He Was Intended For The Clerical Profession And To This End Studied Theology, Junsprudence, Languages, Mathematics And Botany In Padua. Afterward He Repaired To Rome And Applied Himself To Jurisprudence And Continued The Study ...
Bianconi
Bianconi, Charles, Promo Ter Of Transportation: B. Tregolo, Italy, 24 Sept. 1786; D. Tipperary, September 1876. At 15 Or 16 He Was Bound For 18 Months To A Country Man, Who Took Him To Dublin, Where He Was Sent Out To Vend Cheap Prints. Soon He Re Moved To Waterford ...
Bible
Bible, The. Intrnduction. The Name. —the Phcenician Port Of Gebal, The Modern Jebel, Famed As Seat Of The Adonis Cult And Still Earlier As A Mart For Papyrus, Was Called Byblos By The Greeks, Whence The Greek Word Byblos Or Biblos Came To Denote The Papyrus Plant (as We Say ...
Bible Society
Bible Society, A Religious Society Organized And Maintained, For The Translation, Publication And Distribution Of The Bible Or Parts Thereof At Home And Abroad, In English And In Many Other Languages. Naturally The Bible Society Is A Protestant Effort. It Grew Out Of The Attempts Of The Various Protestant Denominations ...
Bible Statistics
Bible Statistics, An Interesting Compilation, Said To Be The Fruits Of -three Years' Labor By The Indefatigable Dr. Horne, And Given By Hitn In His Introduction To The Study Of The Scriptures. The Basis Is An Old English Bible Of Die King James Version. Old Testament—number Of Books, 39; Chapters, ...