11. THE ARMY AND NAVY. Army.— Military service is obligatory on all male citi zens f rom the 21st year to the 44th, inclusive, with numerous exceptions, such as that made in favor of men who demonstrate skill in marksmanship. Instruction by French officers has produced excellent results for the military police of Sao Paulo. Terms of service are two years in the ranks, seven in the reserve — or, as it is called, the active reserve — seven in the territorial army and the remaining years in the national guard. The country is divided into military zones, embracing 21 districts. Reservists are called out for one month of training each year; territorialists for two weeks or more annually. Units of the active army are 15 regiments of infantry, 12 of cavalry (of four squadrons) and five of two squadrons besides the cazadores; five regiments of field artillery (nine batteries, each with four guns); nine horse artillery, five howitzer and six :noun taro batteries; five battalions of engineers and nine of garrison artillery. Total in the service, 94 batteries, of which 36 are in fortifications. The Brazilian artillery owes the beginning of its organization to the Conde de Eu, a brilliant officer in the time of the Emperor Dom Pedro. Of more practical and modern seeming, in the engineer's class, are the 17 sections of men skilled in telegraphy, construction of bridges, railways and aeronautics. The military zones or territorial districts supply men for five stra tegical and three cavalry brigades which are stationed near the frontiers of Argentina, Para guay and Uruguay. The total peace strength
of Brazil's land forces is about 25,000, to which may be added a gendarmerie of 20,000. In time of war the number may (it is sometimes as serted) be increased to 60,000 or even five times that number if equipment can be found.
Navy.— The naval contingent is composed of 7,500 to 8,000 men in all, and the squadron of the following units: The dreadnoughts Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo (each having dis placement 19,281. principal armament 12 guns of 12 inch and 22 of 4.7 inch, H.P. 23,500 and nominal speed 21) ; the old battleships Deo doro and Floriano (each with displacement 3,200, principal armament two guns of 9.2 inch and four of 4.7 inch, H.P. 3,400 and nominal speed 14) ; protected cruisers Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul and Ceara (each having displacement 3,500, principal armament 10 guns of 4.7 inch and H.P. 18,000) ; the old Barrozo (displace ment 3,450, six guns of 6 inch, four of 4.7 inch and two torpedo tubes), and Tammandare (displacement 4,500, 10 guns of 6 inch, two of 4.7 inch and two torpedo tubes) ; also five torpedo gunboats and four first-class torpedo boats, 10 Yarrow destroyers and four destroy ers, a mine ship of 1,500 tons, a small vessel (1,200 tons) for hydrographic service, three submarines and other vessels, the total num ber being 52. The naval school is at Rio de Janeiro. Ladario, in Matto Grosso, has a river arsenal; other arsenals are at Rio and Para.