1 Political Divisions And
1 Political Divisions And Pop Ulation.- The Federation Of Brazil Con Sists Of 20 States, The Federal District And The Territory Of The Acre. In Alphabetical Order, With Their Areas And Populations, Capitals And Populations In 1912 They Are As Follows: Area (in Square State Population Aladhas 22.583 848,526 Amazonas. ...
1 Topography And Climate
1. Topography And Climate. — The Country Extends Between Lat. 4° 22' N. And 33° 45' S. And Long. 40' And 73° 15' W. And The Total Area Is 3,292,000 Square Miles. Nearly The Entire Population Of The Republic Is Still Found On A Comparatively Narrow Strip Of Land Extending ...
10 Transportation And Com
10. Transportation And Com Munication. Brazilian Railways Had A Total Length Of 16,294 Miles Open To Traffic On 1 Jan. 1916. The Government Owns And Administers 2,929 Miles; 5,716 Miles Were Pri Vately Leased; 3,447 Miles Held By Government Concessions, Granted To Various Enterprises; And 3,897 Miles Operated By Private ...
11 The Army And
11. The Army And Navy. Army.— Military Service Is Obligatory On All Male Citi Zens F Rom The 21st Year To The 44th, Inclusive, With Numerous Exceptions, Such As That Made In Favor Of Men Who Demonstrate Skill In Marksmanship. Instruction By French Officers Has Produced Excellent Results For The ...
16 Boston Tea Party
Boston Tea Party, 16 Dec. 1773. Till Shortly Before The Revolution, Imported Teas Paid A Shilling A Pound Duty At English Ports, But The Merchants Received A Drawback Of Three-fifths On Exports To The Colonies, Who Were Charged The Remaining 4ifid. In The Selling Price. As They Obtained It More ...
1838 39 Broad Seal War
Broad Seal War, 1838-39, A Disputed Election Case In New Jersey And In Congress; Turning In New Jersey On The Power Of A County Official, In Collusion With The State Execu Tive, To Nullify The Result Of A State Vote; In Congress On The Right Of The Clerk To Base ...
1838 Buckshot War
Buckshot War, 1838, A Disputed-elec Tion Case In Pennsylvania, Of National Import Ance As Bearing On The Nature Of The "domestic Violence,* From Which The Constitution Requires The Federal Government To Protect The States. As Usual, Fraud Under Legal Forms Was Met By Retaliation In Defiance Of Them. The Legislature ...
3 Robert
3. Robert, Son Of The Preceding, Earl Of Car Rick, And Afterward King Of Scotland: H. 21 March 1274; D. 9 July 1329. He Acted At First As Edward's Liegeman, But Vacillated Between The Two Parties, Taking No Very Active Part In The Struggle Between Wallace And England, But Inclining ...
4 Edward
4. Edward: D. 1318. He Was A Brother Of Robert I Of Scotland, Who, After Distinguishing Himself In The Scottish War Of Independence, Crossed In 1315 To Ireland To Aid The Native Septs Against The English. After Many Suc Cesses He Was Crowned King Of Ireland At Car Rickfergus, But ...
4 Government Of Brazil
4. Government Of Brazil. The System Of Government Established After The Bloodless Revolution Of 1889, And Under The Constitution Of 1891, Has Already Been Men Tioned And In Part Characterized (see History). The Official Title Of The Nation, The States Of Brazil (estados-unidos Do Brazil), Conveys At A Glance The ...
4 Om L Iow
4_ _om. %l Iow /otis -al • Pig. 13.— Continuous Bridge Truss. Movable Bridges.— One Type Of Movable Bridge Has Already Been Mentioned, I.e., The Swing Bridge. A Circular Track Provides The Two Centre Supports, A And B, Fig. 12, And The Bridge May Be Rotated On This Track, Becoming ...
5 Education And Religion
5. Education And Religion. The Central Government Has Been Hitherto Prevented By The Constitutional Restrictions Already Men Tioned From Making Education Compulsory In The States; But Some Of The Latter Have Them Selves Taken This Step, And Wherever The Gov Ernment Can Offer It At All And Make It Free, ...
5 Jacques Victor Albert
5. Jacques Victor Albert, Duc De: B. Paris (son Of The Preceding), 13 June 1821; D. 1901. In 1846 He Became Secretary To The Embassy At Madrid, When He Was Transferred To That At Rome, But The Revolution Of 1848 Caused Him To Give Up Public Life. From That Time ...
7 Commerce Of Brazil
7. Commerce Of Brazil. The New Civil Code Of Brazil Which Went Into Effect On 1 Jan. 1917 Contains Numerous Provisions Favor Ing Certain Classes Of American Business. Mr. O. P. Austin, After Referring To Improved Com Mercial Conditions In South America Generally In 1915, Writes (in The Americas, Vol. ...
8 Manufacturing And Mining
8. Manufacturing And Mining. Labor.— Labor Problems, With Good Reason And In A Very Special Sense, Claim The Attention Of All Who Would Study Intelligently The Present Conditions Of Brazilian Agriculture And Manu Facturing Industries. The Government, In Order To Encourage Immigration From Europe, Guar Antees Free Passage And A ...
9 Banking And Finance
9. Banking And Finance. The Principal Banks In Brazil Are: Banco Do Brazil, Banco Nacional Braziliero, Branch Of The Na Tional City Bank Of New York, British Bank Of South America, Limited, Brasiliansche Bank Fiir Deutschland, London & Brazilian Bank, Limited, London & River Plate Bank, Limited, Banco Espatiol Del ...
Add To
Add To Left Side Right Side Increase Of Assets Decrease Of Assets Decrease Of Liabilities Increase Of Liabilities Decrease Of Net Worth Increase Of Net Worth Every Business Transaction Involves Two Elements Of Equal Amounts And Of Opposite Nature From The Point Of View Of Each Of The Parties Concerned ...
Austin Dobson
Austin Dobson, Author Of (life Of Goldsmith,' (life Of Rich Ardson, Etc. Bolfvar, Colombia, A Northern Depart Ment Of That Republic, Bordering The Caribbean Sea; Area, 23,938 Square Miles. It Is Bounded On The North By The Department Of Atlantico And The Caribbean Sea, On The East By The Mag ...
Baron Bissing
Bissing, Baron Moritz Ferdinand Von, German Soldier; Governor-general Of Belgium, 1914-17: B. Bellmannsdorf, Silesia, 30 Jan. 1844; D. Brussels, 18 April 1917. He Entered The Prussian Army At 19, Served In The Austrian Campaign (1866) And The Franco-prussian War Of 1870-71, Attaining The Rank Of Full General In 1902. Up ...
Behringer
B(ehringer, George Friedrich, Ger Man Theologian: B. Maulbronn (wiirtem Berg), 28 Dec. 1812; D. Basel, 18 Sept. 1879. After Finishing His University Education, He Was Forced To Leave The Country And Went To Swit Zerland (1833) On Account Of His Radical Po Litical Ideas. There He Became Pastor Of A ...
Biren
Biren, Be-fon, Or Biron, Ernest John Von (duke Of Courland), Russian Statesman (grandson Of A Groom Of James, Duke Of Courland, And The Son Of A Courland Pro Prietor Of The Name Of Biihren): B. 1687; D. 28 Dec. 1772. He Studied At Kfinigsberg, Se Cured The Favoi•of Anna Ivanovna, ...
Birkenhead
Birkenhead, England, A Parliamen Tary, County And Municipal Borough Of Ches Hire, On The Estuary Of The Mersey, Opposite Liverpool. Its Growth Has Been- Rapid. It Owes Its Prosperity To The Same Causes That Have Made Liverpool A Great Seaport, And May Be Regarded As A Suburb Of That City. ...
Birmingham
Birmingham, Ala., Pittsburgh Of The The Industrial Head Of The Entire South Between Atlanta And New Orleans, And The Chief Centre Of The Iron And Coal Industry South Of Pennsylvania; County-seat Of Jefferson County, In The Northern Centre, Is Situated Mid Way Between The Coosa And Black Warrior Rivers, 608 ...
Birney
Birney, James Gillespie, American Pol Itician: B. Danville, Ky., 4 Feb. 1792; D. Perth Amboy, N. J., 25 Nov. 1857. He Studied Law, And Removed Early To Alabama, Where He Prospered In His Profession And Held The Office Of District Attorney. Having Had His Attention Turned Toward The Question Of ...
Bishop
" Bishop, Seth Scott, American Physician: B. Fond Du Lac, Wis., 7 Feb. 1852. In His Boyhood He Learned The Printer's Trade And Edited And Published A Paper Called The Pen While Attending Pooler Institute, A Private School, Setting All The Type Andprinting It Him Self. Before Graduating From Pooler ...
Bishop
Bishop (sax. Bishop, From Gr. Episcopos, A Superintendent), In The Greek, Latin And Anglican Churches, The Title Given To Those Who Are Of The Highest Order Of The Priesthood, To The Successors Of The 12 Apostles, In Distinc Tion From The Priests Who Are The Successors Of The 72 Disciples; ...
Bishops Schools
Bishops' Schools. At The Beginning Of The History Of Modern Schools, The Bishops Were The Chief Educators And Directors Of Edu Cators, And Their Schools Were The Chief Seats Of Education Throughout Western Europe. It Is Difficult To Ascertain At What Date The Public Schools Of Grammar And Of Rhetoric ...
Bismarck Schonhausen
Bismarck-schonhausen, Otto Eduard Leopold Von, Prince, Of A Noble Family Of The "mark* (brandenburg): B. Schonhausen, 1 April 1815; D. 30 July 1898. He Studied At Gottingen, Berlin And Greif Swald; Entered The Army And Became Lieutenant In The Landwehr. After A Brief Interval Devoted To His Estates And To ...
Bismuth
Bismuth, I:azimuth, A Metallic Element, First Accurately Described By Pat In 1739. It Was Known Before That Time, But Had Been Previously Confounded With Antimony And Zinc, Which It Resembles To Some Extent. Bis Muth Occurs In Nature In The Metallic Form, Always In Small Quantities, And Generally Asso Ciated ...
Bison
Bison, A Form Of Wild Cattle Regarded By Some Naturalists As Constituting A Genus Bison, Separated From The Larger Group Bos, Which Is Represented By The American Ebuffalo,a The European Aurochs, And Some Extinct Species. Bison Differ From Other Cattle, In External Appearance, Mainly By Their Massive And Shaggy Forms. ...
Bittern
Bittern, A Bird Of The Heron Family And Genus Botaurus, Several Species Of Which Exist In Various Parts Of The World. The Bitterns Differ From The Herons In Their Lesser Size, Shorter Neck, Comparative Shortness Of The Legs, And Superior Length Of Toes, And In Their Noctur Nal Habits And ...
Bitzius
Bitzius, Albert (pseud. Jeremias Gorr Helf), Swiss Author: B. At Murten In Switzer Land, 4 Oct. 1797; D. In Liitzelflith Im Emmental In Switzerland, 22 Oct. 1854. He Belonged To A Family Of Pastors, And After Studying Theology In Bern And Gottingen And Traveling In Ger Many, He Became First ...
Bivalves
Bivalves, Those Mollusks Of The Class Pclecypoda, Whose Coverings Consist Of Two Concave Shellplates Or Valves. Bivalves (for Example, The Clam), Are En Tirely Protected By The Valves, Which Are Con Nected By A Hinge, Consisting Of A Large Tooth Or Teeth (usually Three), And A Ligament. In The Clam ...
Bjerregaard
Bjerregaard, Byar're-gard, Carl Henrik Andreas, Danish Author: B. Fredericia, Denmark, 24 May 1845. He Comes Of Viking Stock And His Family Still Owns The Reputed Viking Home. His Immediate Ancestors Were Learned Men. His Father Was President Of Fredericia College Where Carl Was Educated. Later He Was Graduated From Copenhagen ...
Bjornson
Bjornson, Byorn'sdon, Bjornstjerne, Norwegian Novelist, Poet And Dramatist: B. Kvikne, 8 Dec. 1832; D. 26 April 1910. He Entered The University Of Christiania In 1852, And He Speedily Became Known As A Contributor Of Articles And Stories To Newspapers And As A Dramatic Critic. From 1857 To 1859 He Was ...
Blaas
Blaas, Karl Von, Austrian Painter: B. Nanders, Tyrol, 1815; D. 1894. He Studied At The Academy Of Venice, And In 1837 He Was Awarded The Roman Prize At The Vienna Acad Emy. At Rome He Was Influenced By Nazarenes And Began To Devote Himself To Religious Sub Jects. In 1850 ...
Black
Black, Jeremiah Sullivan, American Jurist And Statesman : B. Glades, Somerset County, Pa., 10 Jan. 1810; D. York, Pa., 19 Aug. 1883. At 17 Years Of Age He Entered The Law Office Of Chauncey Forward, In Somerset, An Eminent Member Of The Bar, And Was Admitted To The Courts In ...
Black Art
Black Art, The Art Or Pretended Art Or Practice Of Producing, Wonderful Effects By The Aid Of Superhuman Beings Or Of Departed Spirits Or The Occult Powers Of Nature, Called Black Because Proficients In It Were Supposed To Be In League With The Powers Of Darkness. A Large Proportion Of ...
Black Beaver
Black Beaver, Delaware Indian Leader, Trader, Guide And Scout: B. Near Belle Ville, Ill., In 1806; D. Near Andarko, Okla., 8 May 1880. In His Young Manhood He Spent Several Years In The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade As A Hunter And Trapper. He Was Present As An Interpreter At The ...
Black Death
Black Death, The, One Of The Most Memorable Of The Epidemics Of The Middle Ages, Was A Great Pestilence In The 14th Cen Tury, Which Devastated Asia, Europe And Africa. It Was An Oriental Plague, Marked By Inflamma Tory Boils And Tumors Of The Glands, Such As Break Out In ...
Black Fly
Black Fly, A Gnat Of The Species Of The Genus Simulium, The Common Blackfly Of Northern New England, Canada And Labrador Probably Being S. Molestum. In This Tormenter Of Travelers And Fishermen The Body Is Short And Thick, The Labrum Is Free, Sharp As A Dagger, And The Proboscis Is ...
Black Forest
Black Forest (german, Schwarz Wald), A Chain Of Mountains In The Grand-duchy Of Baden And The Kingdom Of Wiirtemberg. It Is 1,844 Square Miles In Extent, Runs Almost Parallel With The Rhine From South To North, Often Only From 15 To 20 Miles Distant; Is About 85 Miles Long And ...
Black Friday
Black Friday, The Name Given In The United States To Two Days That Ushered In Finan Cial Panics. First, Friday, 24 Sept. 1869, When The Attempt Of Gould And James Fisk, Jr., To Create A Comer In The Gold Market By Buying All The Gold In The Banks Of New ...
Black Hills
Black Hills. A Small Group Of Moun Tains Known As The Black Hills Rises Several Thousand Feet Above The Plains In Western South Dakota And Eastern Wyoming. Having Abun Dant Rainfall It Constitutes Through Its Vegeta Tion And Streams An Oasis In The Semi-arid Region. The Hills Are Carved From ...
Black Hole
Black Hole, In 18th-century Calcutta, The Soldiers' Name For The Dungeon In The East India Company's Citadel, Fort William: 18x 14 5/6 Feet, With Two Heavily Barred Win Dows And A Low Veranda Outside; Almost Airless And Meant Only For Two Or Three Men. The Subandar Of Bengal Stormed The ...
Black Kettle
Black Kettle, A Leading Chief Of The Cheyenne Tribe Of Indians: B. Near The Black Hills Of Dakota About 1803; D. 27 Nov. 1868. In The Separation Of His People Into The North Ern And Southern Cheyenne Tribes, About 1832, He Cast His Lot With The Latter. His Name Did ...
Black Sea
Black Sea (lat. Pontus Euxinus), A Sea Situated Between Europe And Asia, And Bounded On The West By Turkey, Bulgaria And Rumania, Northwest, North And East By The Rus Sian Dominions, And On The South By Anatolia (asia Minor), Being Connected With The Medi Terranean By The Bosporus, And With ...
Black_2
Black, William, Scottish Novelist: B. Glasgow, 9 Nov. 1841; D. Brighton, England, 10 Dec. 1898. He First Studied Art, But Event Ually Became Connected With The Glasgow Press. In 1864 He Went To London, And In The Follow Ing Year Joined The Staff Of The Morning Star, For Which He ...
Blackbird
Blackbird, The Name Given To Two Dis Tinct Species Of Birds: (1) The American Grakles (q.v.) Of The Family Ictericice, Which Consists Of About A Dozen Species Differing In Size And Color. (2) The English Song-thrush Or °merle.° Four Species Are Known In The Eastern States, Namely: The Purple Grakle, ...
Blacking
Blacking, The Article Employed In Blacking Boots And Shoes, Usually Contains For Its Principal Ingredients Oil, Vinegar, Ivory, Or Bone Black, Sugar Or Molasses, And Strong Sulphuric Acid, Though Every Manufacturer Has His Own Recipe, And Endeavors To Turn It To Best Account By Concealing Its Composition And Puffing Its ...
Blacklist
Blacklist, The, Name Applied To A War Measure Adopted By The British Govern Ment In Accordance With An Order In Council Of 23 Dec. 1915, Prohibiting British Subjects From Trading With Specified Firms And Persons Residing Or Established In Neutral Countries. From Time To Time Lists Of Such Proscribed Firms ...
Blacklisting
Blacklisting. A Method Employed In Various Countries To Place Upon Record For The Guidance Of Others The Names Of Persons Or Firms Whom It Might Not Be Desirable To Employ Or To Have Business Relations With. Lists Of Those Against Whom Unsatisfied Judg Ments Are Standing, Or Whose Credit Is ...
Blackmail
Blackmail, Originally Rent Paid In La Bor, Grain Or Baser Metal As Distinguished From Silver Or White Money; A Certain Rate Of Money, Corn, Cattle Or The Like, Anciently Paid, In The North Of England And In Scotland, To Certain Men Who Were Allied To Robbers, To Be Protected By ...
Blackmore
Blackmore, Richard Doddridge, Eng Lish Novelist: B. Longworth, Berkshire, 7 June 1825; D. 20 Jan. 1900. His Father, Curate Of Longworth, And A Graduate Of Exeter College, Oxford, Was A Man Of Scholarly Character; Among His Ancestors On His Mother's Side Black More Numbered Philip Doddridge, The Non Conformist Divine. ...
Blacks
Blacks. Black Pigments Are Of Two Types: Charcoal Blacks Or Fixed Blacks, And Soot Blacks. The Charcoal Blacks Include Those Made By The Carbonization Of Bones And Ivory, As Well As Those Made From Charcoal Of Wood And Animal Refuse. The Soot Blacks Include Carbon Black Or Gas Black, And ...
Blackwood
Blackwood, William, Scottish Book Seller, Known As The Projector And Publisher Of Blackwood's Magazine: B. Edinburgh, 20 Nov. 1776; D. 16 Sept. 1834. He Settled In His Native City As A Bookseller In 1804, And Soon Added The Trade Of A Publisher To His Original Business. The First Number Of ...
Bladder
Bladder, The Muscular Organ That In Man And The Lower Animals Holds The Urine. The Kidneys Secrete Urine Constantly, The Blad Der Stores It And Only Empties Itself At More Or Less Definite Intervals. In Man The Bladder Is A Flattened Rounded To Conical Organ About The Size Of An ...
Bladder
Bladder, Diseases Of. These May Be Classed As Malformations, Injuries And Diseases Proper. Occasionally The Intestines And Ureters Enter A Common Pouch, Cloaca, As In Certain Lower Animals. Rarely The Bladder Is Absent Entirely. One Of The Most Frequent Malfor Mations Is Exstrophy, In Which There Is No Front Wall ...
Blaine
Blaine, James Gillespie, American Statesman: B. West Brownsville, Pa., South Of Pittsburgh, 31 Jan. 1830; D. Washington, D. C., 27 Jan. 1893. His Father Was A Presbyterian Of Scotch-irish Blood; His Mother Was A Catholic. He Was A Lad Of Quick Action And Good Memory, Who Excelled In Spelling Matches ...
Blair
Blair, Hugh, Scottish Divine: B. Edin Burgh, 7 April 1718; D. 27 Dec. 1800. He Com Menced His Academic Career At Edinburgh Uni Versity In 1730. In 1741 He Was Licensed As A Preacher, And The Following Year Was Ordained To The Parish Of Collessie, Fife, But A Few Months ...
Blake
Blake, Robert, British Admiral: B. Bridgewater, Somerset, August 1599; D. 17 Aug. 1657. After Attending The Grammar School Of His Native Place He Was Sent To Wadham College, Oxford, Where He Took The Degree Of B.a. In 1617. On His Return To Bridgewater He Lived Quietly On The Fortune Left ...
Blake_2
Blake, William, English Poet, Painter And Engraver: B. London, 28 Nov. 1757; D. 12 Aug. 1857. At The Age Of 10 He Was Sent To A Drawing-school, And Four Years Later He Was Apprenticed For Seven Years To The Engraver James Basire, For Whom He Drew From The Monuments In ...
Blanc
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, French His Torian, Publicist And Socialist: B. Madrid, 29 Oct. 1811; D. 6 Dec. 1882. He Studied With Great Success In The College At Rodez, And Com Pleted His Education At Paris. He Was For A Short Time An Attorney's Clerk, Afterward A Teacher Of Mathematics ...
Blank Verse
Blank Verse, Verse Without Rhyme. This Was The Invariable Form Of The Poetry Of The Ancients, But It Is Now Peculiar To The Italian, English And German Languages. The Poetry Of The Anglo-saxons And The Earliest English Poetry Was Not Rhymed, Yet It Is Not Generally Called Blank Verse, As ...
Blanket
Blanket (that Is ((fine Goods), A Heavy Bed Or Horse Cover, Of A Fabric With A Thick Soft Nap On Both Sides. Originally Made Entirely Of Wool, And Still So In The Finest Grades, Most Of The Medium And Cheap Blankets Are Now Made With A Cotton Chain Or Warp ...
Blashfield
Blashfield, Edwin Howland, Amer Ican Artist: B. New York, 15 Dec. 1848. He Was Educated At The Boston Latin School, Studied In Paris Under Leon Bonnat, Was Also Advised By Gerome And Chapu, And Began Ex Hibiting In The Paris Salon In 1874. He Re Turned To The United States ...
Blasphemy
Blasphemy, Is Somewhat Variously Defined. According To The Most General Defini Tion, It Means The Speaking Irreverently Of The Mysteries Of Religion; And Formerly, In Roman Catholic Countries, It Also Included The Speak Ing Contemptuously Or Disrespectfully Of The Holy Virgin Or The Saints. Public Blasphemy Has Been Considered By ...
Blast Furnace Practice
Blast Furnace Practice, Modern. The First Requisite For The Conduct Of Blast Furnace Practice Is Equipment. The Construction Of The Duquesne Blast Fur Naces In 1902 And 1903 Marked A Great Advance In The Evolution Of The Modern Blast Furnace, For The Labor Of Filling The Furnaces,. Formerly Done By ...
A Book Of Nonsense
Book Of Nonsense, A, A Nursery Classic By Edward Lear. It Is Made Up From Four Minor Collections Published At Intervals During A Long Life. The Author Began As An Artist; Colored Drawings For Serious Purposes Were Supplemented By Others For The Amuse Ment Of The Groups Of Little Ones ...