5. JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, Duc DE: b. Paris (son of the preceding), 13 June 1821; d. 1901. In 1846 he became secretary to the embassy at Madrid, when he was transferred to that at Rome, but the revolution of 1848 caused him to give up public life. From that time he became known as an able writer in political reviews. In 1856 he published 'L'Histoire de l'Eglise et de l'Empire,) in six volumes, a work which gained him a chair in the Academy. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly for the department of Eure, and in the same year became Ambassador at London. He led the opposition to Thiers during 1872-73, and finally succeeded in defeating him. In the latter year he became Minister of Foreign Affairs and president of the council, but in 1874 he suffered defeat. In 1885 he again gave up political life and devoted himself to his historical studies. Among his works are 'Le Secret du Roi Louis XV' (1878) ; 'Frederic II et Marie-Therese) (1883) ; 'Maurice de Saxe et le Marquis d'A rgenson' (1891); (La Paix d'Aix-la Chapelle' (1892) ; 'Le Pere Lacordaire' (1895) ; 'Malherbe' (1897), etc.
BROGNY, Jean Allarmet, Italian cardinal: b. Brogny, near Annecy, Savoy, 1342; .d. Rome, 16 Feb. 1426. Although a swineherd in his youth, he attained, by his learning and virtues, a position of great influence and eminence in the Church. He was successively
made bishop of Viviers, of Ostia, archbishop of Arles, and bishop of Geneva, and finally cardinal and chancellor of the Church of Rome. During the great schism which divided the Church for more than 40 years Brogny devoted himself to the work of conciliation. The Council of Constance being called for that purpose by John XXIII and the Emperor Sigismund, the former was deposed at the sixth session, after which Brogny presided as senior cardinal until the 41st, when Cardinal Colonna was elected Pope, 14 Nov. 1417, chiefly through Brogny's influence, under the name of Martin V, and the holy see was once more established at Rome. As president of the Council of Constance he had to pronounce the sentence of death upon Huss, to whom he had shown great kindness during the trial, having visited him several times in his prison and exhorted him, but in vain, to save his life by recanting his creed. The cardinal was the founder of the hospital of Annecy, and of the College of Saint Nicolas at Avignon to which he left his library and manuscripts. Consult Besson, 'Memoires pour l'histoire ecclesiastique des dioceses de Savoie (Annecy (Nancy) 1759).