Fruit and vegetable canneries, located chiefly in southern and southwestern Ontario, reported a product of $3,794,922 in 1915. Jams and jellies added over a million to this total, evaporated fruits and vinegar and pickles an other million and a quarter each Starch pro duction exceeded $2,600,000.
The Canadian fisheries (which it may be re marked in passing are potentially the most im portant in the world, both from the standpoint of area of fishing grounds and the abundance, variety and quality of the catch), are also the basis of a large manufacturing industry. The salmon canneries of British Columbia and the lobster canneries of the Maritime provinces are world famous. Altogether the value of preserved fish products in 1915 was about $15,000,000. There is a large dried fish in dustry (domestic) in Nova Scotia, which, for two generations, has found its chief market in the West Indies. Factory production in the same district, however, is growing, and is be ginning to enter into competition with Glouces ter, Mass., and other centres of the cured fish trade. The future of Canada's status in this industry seems assured. See CANADA FISHERIES (article 43).
The above includes the more important items of *food production,* which is one of the stock grouping of •manufactures. The chief omissions are the industries whose raw materials are imported into Canada, e.g., sugar. Eight sugar refineries are in operation in Can ada, yielding in 1915 a product valued at $37, 752,235. Manufactures of cocoa and chocolate, coffee and spices, baking powder, etc., yield a product of $10,278,000.
Wood and The lumbering indus try of Canada is one of its most historic and picturesque industries, and the unrivalled for est wealth which forms its background vouches for its continuance. It is also one of the most widely diffused of Canadian industries. South western Nova Scotia is important for its saw milling, though less so than the interior of New Brunswick tapped by the Saint John and Miri michi rivers. Northern. Quebec, the Ottawa Valley, the Georgian Bay district and the ter ritory north and west of Lakes Huron and Su perior are the sources of an extensive lumber trade. Northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba have also important timber areas, though dwarfed by the wealth of British Columbia in this respect. The total product which 'these various sources yielded in sawn lumber, shin gles and laths, reached a value of $68,815,472 m 1915; this, however, was under war con ditions, which were perhaps more depressing in the lumber trade than in any other branch of industry. In 1911, the output was almost exactly half again as large. Side by side with
this initial working up of the raw material may be placed the manufacture of sashes and doors, blinds, boxes and similarproducts, the output of which in 1915 was over $18,370,604. Cooper age added $1,989,564. A higher grade of manu facture is represented by furniture, the value of which was well over $9,765,339 in 1915; car riages and wagons with a somewhat higher value; musical instruments and materials with a value of $4,500,000; and brooms and brushes with a value of $1,378,828. Cars, car works and car repair shops reported a product of $39, 794,379.
Wood pulp and paper making may be treated in close connection with lumbering. The total output of both in 1915 was $40,348,000. Paper bags and boxes manufactured in 1915 were val ued at $5,350,667, and stationery at $3,306,545.
The printing and publishing trade is scarcely to be linked with the paper industry. It may, however, be noted here as well as elsewhere that the output of Canadian printing, book binding and lithographin establishments in 1915 was valued at over Mineral manufactures which have mining for basis are very import ant in Canada. It is usual to group iron and steel production by itself. There are over 20 blast furnaces in Canada with a total daily ca pacity of, say, 4,500 tons. The value of the pig iron product in 1913, a high year, was $16,540,000. Steel ingots and castings went over a million in the same year. Total smelter products (in which the above are in cluded) were valued at $102,000,000 in 1915. Some of the most extensive and distinctive Canadian industries are engaged in iron and steel manufacture, such as the Dominion Iron and Steel Company, the Nova Scotia Steel and Coal Company, the Algoma Steel Company, the Steel Company of Canada, the Canada Car and Foundry Company, etc. Based on the raw materials which these supply is a large and varied industry. Foundry products totalled over $36,736.000 in value in 1915; electrical ap paratus and supplies, $18,108,241; iron and steel bridges, $9,611,000; boilers and engines, $8,546,488; brass castings, $7,787,302; wire, $6,280,000; aluminum, $4,071,000; plumbers' supplies, $2,268,800; coke, $4,416,000. Other great industries that may be regarded as in a way subsidiary to this branch are the automo bile industry, the production of which with its accessories totalled over $28,000,000 in 1915; and the agricultural implement industry with a total product of over $13,370,000. The latter is perhaps the leading example of a Canadian industry having a market in practically every quarter of the globe.