Cement and cement products were valued at $11,676,000 in 1915; brick and tile at $2,931,575; paints and varnishes at $8,373,746. The cut stone industry had a product of $2,568,491. The glass product was valued at $4,718,000, to which mirrors and plate glass added $1,095,000.
Textiles, Rubber, Liquors and Tobacco.— There remain several groups of manufactures whose connection with the primary' industries of the country is not so immediate. Among these is the textile industr Canadian cotton mills had a product of 0,512,909 in 1915; woolens a product of $12,889,708; while silk and silk products aggregated $1,277,044. The clothing industry associated with these raw materials is also very considerable. Men's and women's factory clothing was approximately $41,000,000 in value; hosiery and knit goods over $16,096,800; hats, caps and furs $7,559,000; and carpets $1,500,000. Dyeing and cleaning establishments valued their total contribution at $3,986,670. The rubber industry approxi mated $14,500,000 in value of product. Liquors and tobacco is a second important group of this kind. Distilled and malted liquors were produced in Canada to the value of $30,756,000 in 1915, while manufactures of tobacco in all forms aggregated $28,987,250. Tobacco grow ing has made rapid strides in Quebec and south western Ontario recently, and British Columbia is beginning to introduce the industry.
Summing up by provinces, approximately half of the Canadian manufacturing industry is in Ontario, and well over half of the re mainder in Quebec. British Columbia stands third with about one-fifth the output of Quebec, while Nova Scotia and Manitoba follow close behind. Saskatchewan has a very slight manu facturing industry, though larger than Prince Edward Island, which stands lowest.
The accompanying tables, showing the num ber of establishments, number of employees and value of products in certain of the more important groups of manufactures and in the several provinces, will be of interest for pur poses of more detailed reference.
The preceding brief review will serve to show the substantial status that has been achieved by manufacturing in Canada. Two remaining points may be touched upon. Apart from an abundance of raw material the first requisite in manufacturing is cheap motive power. Canada is well supplied with bituminous coal. The fields of Nova Scotia are extensive, and are cheaply worked, and the prod uct is accessible to Quebec and Montreal by water transportation. Ontario, however, is largely dependent for its coal on Pennsylvania, and in the west a long and difficult haul sepa rates the exceedingly rich deposits of Van couver Island and the Crow's Nest Pass from the prairie centres. In the other great power factor, however, that on which the future of manufacturing will more and more depend, viz., the "white coal" of water power — there is probably no other country in the world more fortunately endowed than Canada. Practically every large centre from coast to coast has abundance of water power available not only for present needs, but for all requirements within anticipation. Quebec and Montreal tap
the resources of the Shawinigan and the Cedar Rapids of the Saint Lawrence; central and eastern Ontario the Trent Valley and the Ot tawa; southwestern Ontario has the three great plants at Niagara Falls; Winnipeg the two large plants of the Winnipeg River; Calgary those of the Bow River; while Vancouver has developed the Coquitlam with its 400 feet of head. Altogether there are in Canada exclu sive of the Northwest terrritories, the Yukon and the northern and eastern portions of Quebec, approximately 17,750,000 horse power available, this amount including in the case of Niagara Falls and other border powers only the development permitted by international treaties, and excluding the possibilities of storage for the enlargement of present capacities. Of this, considerably less than one-tenth has as yet been developed — two-thirds of the development hav ing been carried out only within the past 10 years. The "Hydro Electric Power Commis sion" of the Ontario government is perhaps the most extensive experiment in government own ership and operation of an important utility in Canada. In 1915 not less than 73 municipali ties and 96,744 consumers were obtaining elec tric power through this body, whose invest ments in power development in the six pre ceding years reached a total of approximately $25,000,000! The labor factor may be mentioned briefly. A heavy immigration has in recent years main tained the labor supply, and though government encouragement is extended only to agricultural ists and domestic servants, the influx has in chided considerable numbers of skilled artisans. The census of occupations, 1911, credited 491, 342 (98,561 female) °workers° to manufac tures, the largest total outside of agriculture. These were further divided as follows: Me chanical 303,471; textiles 20,642; food 45,816; clothing 80,409; other factories 41,000. From the standpoint of organized labor, several of the most powerful unions are among employees of industrial establishments. In the metal trades, 186 unions with a membership of 11,813 exist; in the boot and shoe and clothing trades, 59 unions with a membership of 4,966; and in the printing and allied trades, 91 unions with a membership of 6,614. These unions are "international ,° i.e., are part and_parcel of the similar movement in the United States, though with a Dominion "Congress," which plays much the same role in Canada as the American Fed eration of Labor in the United States. There is a purely Canadian "Federation of Labor," but its following is small. The technical educa tion of labor has made a substantial beginning in Canada and the country is alive to its import ance. Its development was the subject of inquiry by a royal commission of seven mem bers, appointed in 1910, who after two years' investigation brought in a comprehensive scheme for Dominion and provincial co-operation.