CALIXTUS, the name of several popes. 1. The first of this name, a Roman bishop, was the 17th pope (217 to 224, or from 218 to 223), when he suffered martyrdom according to some accounts. 2. GUIDO, son of Count William of Burgundy, archbishop of Vienne, and papal legate. in France, was elected in 1119, in the monastery of Clugny, successor of the expelled Pope, Gelasius II, who had been driven from Italy by the Emperor Henry V, and had died in this monastery. In the same year he held councils at Toulouse and at Rheims, the latter of which was intended to settle the protracted dispute respecting the right of investiture. As the Emperor Henry V would not confirm an agreement which he had already made on this subject, Calixtus repeated anew the excom munication which he had already pronounced against him when legate in 1112. He excom municated also the anti-pope, Gregory VIII, and renewed former decrees respecting simony, lay investiture and the marriage of priests. Successful in his contest with the Emperor on the subject of investiture, by means of his alliance with the rebels in Germahy, in par ticular with the Saxons, he made his entrance into Italy in 1120, and with great pomp into Rome itself ; took Gregory VIII prisoner in 1121, and banished him to a monastery. He availed himself of the troubles of the Emperor to force him, in 1122, to agree to the Concordat of Worms. After an energetic pontificate he
died in 1124. 3. CALIXTUS III, chosen in 1168 in Rome as anti-pope to Paschal III, and con firmed by the Emperor Frederick I in 1178, was obliged to submit to Pope Alexander III. As he was not counted among the legal popes, a subsequent Pope was called Calixtus III. This was a Spanish nobleman, Alfonso Borgia, counsellor of Alfonso, King of Aragon and the Sicilies. He was made Pope in 1455. He was at this time far advanced in life, but equalled in policy and energy the most enterprising rulers of the Church. He appointed an eccle siastical commission to reconsider the case against Jeanne d'Arc, and its decision was that she died a martyr to her faith, her king and her country. In order to appease the dis pleasure of the princes and nations occasioned by the proceedings of the councils of Constance and Basel, he instigated them to a crusade against the Turks. His intention was counter acted in Germany by the discontent of the states of the empire with the Concordat of Vienna, and in France by the appeals of the universities of Paris and Toulouse against the tithe for the Turkish war. King Alfonso, moreover, was indignant at the refusal of the Pope to acknowledge his natural son Ferdinand as king of Naples.