Caius
Caius, Ws, John, English Physician, The Founder Of Caius College, Cambridge Univer Sity: B. Norwich, 6 Oct. 1510; D. Cambridge,.29 July 1573. His Name Was Kaye Or Key, Which He Latinized Into Caius. He Took His Degrees At Gonville Hall, Cambridge, And Was Chosen Fellow Of His College. While At ...
Calabria
Calabria, Italy, Division Of The Kingdom, Comprising The Southwest Peninsula Or Toe Of Italy, From About 40° N. Lat. To The Strait Of Messina; Area Estimated At 5,819 Square Miles. It Was Formerly Divided Into Three Provinces — Calabria Citeriore, The Most Northerly; Calabria Ulteriore I, The Most Southerly; And ...
Calais
Calais, Ka-le, France, A Seaport Town And Fortified Place Of The First Class, In The Depart Ment Of 20 Miles Northeast From Boulogne On The Strait Of Dover, And About 21 Miles East-southeast Of The Port Of Dover. It Is Situated At The Junction Of Several Canals, And By Railway ...
Calas
Calas, Ki-las, Or Kii-la, Jean, French Judicial Martyr: B. Languedoc 1698; D. Tou Louse, 9 March 1762. Brought Up In The Protes Tant Religion, He Had Established Himself As A Merchant In Toulouse. He Had Four Sons And Two Daughters Whom He Educated Himself, And Was Held In General Esteem, ...
Calcite
Calcite, -sit, Also Known As Calc-spar, A Native Carbonate Of Calcium, Crystallizing In The Rhombohedral System, And Exhibiting Over 300 Distinct Crystals Of General Forms Or °hab Its.° The Mineral Also Occurs Massive, Fibrous, Granular, Lamellar, Compact, Earthy, Stalactitic, Nodular. In Other Forms It Exhibits Minute Percentages Of Magnesium, Iron, ...
Calcium
Calcium, A Metallic Element First Obtained In The Free State By Sir Humphry Davy In 1808. Its Compounds Are Exceedingly Abundant And Are Widely Distributed. Calcium Carbonate, Cacos, Is Familiar In Its Various Forms Of Mar Ble, Chalk, Limestone And Calcite. The Sulphate, Caso., Is Also Very Common, And Is ...
Calculating Machines
Calculating Machines. These Machines Are Classified According To Their Use, As Arithmetical Or Geometrical; The Former Dealing With Computations Of Numbers, The Lat Ter With Calculations Of Lengths, Areas Or Con Tents. In The First Class The Operations Per Formed By The Machine May Be Simply Addi Tion, In Which ...
Calculus
Calculus. As Used In Medicine The Term Calculus (lat. Calculus, A Pebble Or Small Stone) Is Applied To Certain Concretions Oc Curring In The Cavities Or Tissues Of The Body, Usually As The Result Of The Deposition Of Solids From Some Natural Secretion. Calculi May Be Of Many Different Sorts, ...
Calculus
Calculus, The Infinitesimal. The In Finitesimal, Or Differential And Integral, Cal Culus Is Not So Much A Branch Of Mathematics As A Method Or Instrument Of Mathematical In Vestigation, Of Indefinite Applicability. The Masters Now Seldom Try To Treat It In Less Than A Thousand Large Pages; Here We May ...
Calculus Of Variations
Calculus Of Variations, The. The Calculus Of Variations Is A Natural Growth Of The Infinitesimal Calculus (q.v.)— In Particular Of The Integral Calculus (q.v.) And Of Diff Erentiql Equations (q.v.). In The Integral Calculus, Properly Speaking, Only Integrals Of The Typeff(x, Al, As . . . ) Dx Are Considered, ...
Calcutta
Calcutta ("the Ghaut Or Landing-place Of Kali° From A Famous Shrine Of This God Dess), India, The Capital Of The Presidency And Province Of Bengal, And Until 1911 The Capital I Of British India, Is Situated On The Left Bank Of The Hooghly (hughli), A Branch Of The Ganges, About ...
Calder6n De La Barca
Calder6n De La Barca, Pedro, Spanish Poet And Playwright: B. Madrid, 17 Jan. 1600; D. There, 25 May 1681. His Long Life, Which Embraced The Reigns Of Three Kings, One Of Whom, Philip Iv, Was A Generous Patron, And Exerted A Profound Influence Upon The Dramatist's Art By Demanding Of ...
Calderon
Calderon, Philip Hermogenes, Eng Lish Painter, Of Spanish Parentage: B. Poitiers, 3 May 1833; D. London, 30 April 1898. He Was The Son Of Juan Calderon, At One Time Professor Of Spanish Literature In King's College, London. Coming To England About 1845, He Became Shortly Afterward The Pupil Of A ...
Caleb Williams
Caleb Williams. (caleb Williams,' The Best-known Novel And Most Widely Read Book Of William Godwin, Published In 1794, Embodies Many Of The Ideas Of The Author's Celebrated (inquiry Concern Ing Political Justice.' The Hero, From Whom The Book Takes Its Name, A Lad Of Hum Ble Origin But Uncommon Intelligence, ...
Caledonia
Caledonia, The Name By Which The Por Tion Of Scotland North Of The Rivers Forth And Clyde First Became Known To The Romans. The Year 80 Of The Christian Era Is The Period When Scotland First Becomes Known To History. The Invasion Of Cwsar Did Not Immediately Lead To The ...
Calendar
Calendar, A System Of Dividing Time Into Years, Months, Weeks And Days For Use In Civil Life, Or A Register Of These Or Similar Divisions. Among The Old Romans, For Want Of Such A Register, It Was The Custom Of The Pontifex Znaximus, On The First Day Of The Month, ...
Calep
Calep, Robert, American Merchant Of Boston: B. About 1648; D. Roxbury, Mass., 13 April 1719. His Fourth Son, Also Named Robert, Died In 1722 Or 1723, Aged About 41. One Or The Other Of These Men Was The Author Of A Re Markable Book On The Witchcraft Delusion In New ...
Calgary
Calgary, Canada. The City Of Calgary Is Situated In The Province Of Alberta, At The Junction Of The Bow And Elbow Rivers, 840 Miles West Of Winnipeg, And 2,262 Miles West Of Montreal. The Site Is Picturesque., As The City Lies In A Species Of Natural Bowl. From Calgary, The ...
Calhoun
Calhoun, John Caldwell, American Statesman: B. Abbeville District, S. C, 18 March 1782; D. Washington, D. C., 31 March 1850. He Was Graduated With Distinc Tion At Yale College In 1804, And Was Admitted To The South Carolina Bar In 1807. After Serv Ing For Two Sessions In The Legislature ...
California
Calif'ornia, Lower Or Old, A Territory Of The Republic Of Mexico, Forming A Peninsula In The Pacific Ocean, United On The North To The Continent, From Which It Is Separated On The East, Throughout Its Entire Length, By The Gulf Of California. It Extends From About Lat. 40' To 40' ...
California
California, Principal Pacific Coast State Of United States (no. 31 In Order Of Ad Mission), Bounded North By Oregon, South By Mexico (lower California), East By Nevada And Arizona, West By Pacific Ocean. Extreme Length About 800 Miles, Coast Line 1,097 Miles, Greatest Width About 2'0 Miles. Area (no. 2 ...
Caligula
Caligula, Gains Caesar Augustus Ger Manicus, Roman Emperor, A Son Of Germanicus And Agrippina : B. 31 Aug. 12 A.d., In The Camp At Annum, And Brought Up Among The Legions; D. 24 Jan. 41 A.d. He Received From Soldiers The Surname Of Caligula, On Account Of His Wearing The ...
Caliph
Caliph (fr. Calife, Ar. Kliallfa, Calif, Suc Cessor), Is The Name Assumed By The Succes Sors Of Mohammed In The Government Of The Faithful And In The High-priesthood. Caliphate Is Therefore The Name Given By Historians To The Empire Of These Princes Which The Arabs Founded In Asia, And Impelled ...
Calixtus
Calixtus, The Name Of Several Popes. 1. The First Of This Name, A Roman Bishop, Was The 17th Pope (217 To 224, Or From 218 To 223), When He Suffered Martyrdom According To Some Accounts. 2. Guido, Son Of Count William Of Burgundy, Archbishop Of Vienne, And Papal Legate. In ...
Calixtus_2
Calixtus (properly Callisen), Georg, Ga'org, German Clergyman, The Most Able And Enlightened Theologian Of The Lutheran Church In The 17th Century: B. Medelbye, Schleswig, 14 Dec. 1586; D. 19 March 1656. In 1609 He Vis Ited The Universities Of The South Of Germany; In 1612 Those Of Holland, Britain And ...
Call
Call, An American Family, Several Of Whose Members Took A Prominent Part In The Public Life Of The Nation. Daniel, Lawyer: B. About 1765; D. Richmond, Va., 20 May 1840. He Was A Brother-in-law Of Chief-justice John Marshall, And Published 'reports Of The Vir Ginia Court Of Appeals> (6 Vols., ...
Callao
Callao, Kfil-ya'6, Peru, Seaport City, Capital Of Ci.11ao Province, On Callao Bay, Seven Miles By Rail, Steam And Electric, West Of Lima. The Spacious Harbor Affords Safe Anchorage, Making Callao The Principal Port Of The Coun Try; Defended By Three Forts And Sheltered Southward By San Lorenzo Island, Nine Miles ...
Callimachus
Callimachus, Greek Poet And Gram Marian: B. Cyrene, About 310 B.c. ; D. About 240. He Opened In Alexandria A School Of Grammar, That Is, Of The And Liberal Sciences, And Could Boast Of Several Scholars Of Dis Tinguished Attainments, Such As Eratosthenes, Apollonius Rhodius, Aristophanes Of Byzan Tium And ...
Calms
Calms, Region Of, Or Zone Of, Tracts In The Eastern Atlantic And Eastern Pacific Oceans, On The Confines Of The Tradewinds, Where Calms Of Long Duration Prevail. This Region Is Not The Same All The Year Through, But Follows The Course Of The Sun, And Lies Farther North Or Farther ...
Calomarde
Calomarde, Ka-16-mar'da, Or Cal°. Marda, Francisco Tadeo (count Of Al Meida), Spanish Statesman: B. Villel, Aragon, 1775; D. Toulouse, France, 1842. He Studied Law, Entered Political Life And Sustained The National Cause In Resistance To Napoleon. In 1814 On The Return Of Ferdinand Vii, Calo Marde Was Made Chief Secretary ...
Calomel
Calomel, The Sub-chloride, Or °mild° Chloride Of Mercury, Hgc1 (or Hg,ci.), Known To Chemists As "mercurous Chloride," To Distin Guish It From Corrosive Sublimate, Hcl,,g Which Is Known As "mercuric Chloride." It Is Prepared By Adding An Alkaline Chloride To A Solution Of A Mercurious Salt, Usually The Nitrate. The ...
Calorimeter
Calorimeter, The Respiration. A Respiration Calorimeter Is An Instrument Of Precision By Means Of Which Gaseous Exchange And Heat Production Can Be Measured. It Com Prises A Chamber In Which The Interchange Of Gases And The Production Of Heat Occurs, The Walls Of Which Are Air-tight And Heat-proof, With Accessory ...
Calorimetry
Calorimetry (cheat Measurement'), The Art Of Measuring The Quantity Of Heat That A Body Absorbs Or Emits When It Passes From One Temperature To Another, Or When It Undergoes Some Definite Change Of State. In Order To Exe Cute Such Measurements It Is First Necessary To Adopt Some Convenient And ...
Calvary
Calvary, The English Name For The Emi Nence, Which Was The Scene Of The Crucifixion Of Jesus Christ. It Lay Beyond But Near Jerusalem, And By Some It Is Identified With The Old House Of Stoning, Or Place Of Public Execution, Ac Cording To The Law Of Moses, On The ...
Calvin
Calvin (modified From The French Form Cauvin Or Caulvin), John, Swiss Reformer Of The 16th Century: B. Noyon, Picardy, 10 July 1509; D. Geneva, Switzerland, 27 May 1564. Though Born In Humble Condition, His Father, As Procureur-fiscal Of The District Of Noyon And Secretary Of The Diocese, Was Able By ...
Calvinism
Calvinism. The System Of Religious Thought Taught By John Calvin, Which Main Tains That God Is The Sovereign Ruler Of The World And Every Good Thought Comes Directly From Him. The Conception Of The Sovereignty Of God Did Not Originate With Calvin; It Is As Old As The Hebrew Writings; ...
Calyx
Calyx, In Botany, The Exterior Covering Of A Flower; That Is, The Outermost Floral En Velope Consisting Of A Circle Or Whorl Of Leaves External To The Corolla, Which It Encloses And Supports. The Parts Or Leaves Which Belong To It Are Called Sepals; They May Be United By Their ...
Camaguey
Camaguey, Cuba, (formerly Puearo Piuncipe), (i) Town, Capital Of The Province Of Puerto Principe, 170 Miles Northwest Of The City Of Santiago De Cuba. It Was Originally Founded In 1515 At Nuevitas, The Site Of An Old Indian Village, On The Northern Coast, But Was Moved To Its Present Site ...
Camara Y Libermoore
Camara Y Libermoore, Ka'ma-ra E Manuel De La, Spanish Naval Officer: B. In Malaga In 1836. He Was Educated At The Naval Academy In San Fernando, And Served In The Mexican Campaign As Staff Officer Of The French General, Francois Jurien De La Graviere, And Later Acted As Sailing Master ...
Camarines
Camarines, North And South, Phil Ippines, Two Provinces In The Southeastern Part Of The Island Of Luzon. Area, 3,279 Square Miles. The Name Is Also Applied More Vaguely To The Whole Of The Southeastern Peninsula Of The Island. The Formation Of The Peninsula Is Volcanic; The Caravallos Range Of Mountains ...
Cambaceriis
Cambaceriis, Jean Jac Ques Regis De, Duke Of Parma, French States Man: B. Montpellier, 18 Oct. 1753; D. Paris, 8 March 1824. His Zeal And Talents Soon Ob Tained Him Distinction, And The Office Of A Counsellor At The Tour Des Comptes At Mont Pellier. At The Beginning Of The ...
Cambon
Cambon, Pierre Joseph, French States Man: B. Montpellier, 17 June 1754; D. Near Brussels, 15 Feb. 1820. Engaged In Commercial Pursuits, He Became Interested In The Revo Lution, And On Hearing Of The Flight Of Louis Xvi He Caused The Republican Government To Be Proclaimed In His Native Town. He ...
Cambrian
Cambrian From Acambria,) An Ancient Name For Wales) Is A Term Applied To The Earliest Time Period Of The Paleozoic Era, And To The System Of Rocks Laid Down During That Period. It Was First Applied By Murchison And Sedgwick To Rocks Of England And Wales, About 1835. In Cambrian ...
Cambridge
Cambridge, England, An Inland County Bounded On The North By The County Of Lincoln; On The West By Northampton, Huntingdon And Bedford; On The South By Hertfordshire And Essex; And On The East By Suffolk And Norfolk. A Great Part Of The Northern Half Of The County Belongs To The ...
Cambridge
Cambridge, England, Capital Of The County Of Cambridge, Is Situated On The Cam, About 56 Miles North By East By Rail From Lon Don. It Is A Municipal And Parliamentary Bor Ough, The Seat Of A Celebrated University (see Dad/midge, University Or), And Has A Large Agricultural Market. The Geological ...
Cambridge Platonists
Cambridge Platonists, The Name Given To A School Of Theological And Philosophi Cal Thinkers Of The English Church Who Were Connected With Cambridge University, And Who Exercised An Important Influence During The Latter Half Of The 17th Century. The Most Im Portant Members Of This School Were Benjamin Whichcote, John ...
Cambridge_2
Cambridge, Mass., City And One Of The County-seats Of Middlesex County, Situated On The Charles River And The Fitchburg Division Of The Boston And Maine Railroad, Also Con Necting With The Boston And Albany Railroad; Opposite And Joined To Boston By Nine Bridges. It Was Founded In 1630-31, Under The ...
Cambridgeshire
Cambridgeshire, England, An Inland Eastern County Of England; Greatest Length, About 48 Miles; Breadth, 33 Miles; Area, 858 Square Miles. Arable Land, Meadow And Pas Ture Constitute About Three-fourths Of The County, The Rest Being Fens. The Surface Is Marshy, Flat And Thinly Wooded, Except In The Southern Portion, Which ...
Cambyses Ii
Cambyses Ii, King Of The Medes And Persians: D. 522 B.c. He Was The Son Of Cyrus The Great, And Grandson Of Cambyses I, And Became, After The Death Of His Father, Icing Of The Medes And Persians, 529 B.c. In The Fifth Year Of His Reign He Invaded Egypt, ...
Camden
Camden, Charles Pratt (1st Earl Of), English Statesman: B. 1713; D. London, 18 April 1794. After Studying At Eton And King's Col Lege, Cambridge, He Entered As A Student At Lincoln's Inn, And In Due Time Was Called To The Bar. In 1754 He Was Chosen Member Of Par Liament ...
Camden_2
Camden, William, English Antiquary And Historian : B. London, 2 May 1551 ; D. Chiselhurst, Kent, 9 Nov. 1623. He Was Educated At Christ's Hospital And Saint Paul's And Oxford. In 1575 He Was Appointed Second Master Of West Minster School, And At This Time Began To Make Collections For ...
Camden_3
Camden, Battle Of, A Battle Fought Near Camden, S. C., 16 Aug. 1780, Between The Amer Ican Troops Under Gates And The British Under Lord Rawdon. Shortly After The British Cap Tured Charleston In May, All South Carolina Was In Their Hands Except For The Guerrilla Warfare Of Marion, Sumter ...
Camel
Camel, A Large Ruminant Of The Genus Centaur, Family Cantelike (q.v.), Two Species Of Which Have Been Domesticated Since Prehis Toric Times, And Used As Riding-animals And Beasts Of Burden In The Desert Regions Of The Old World. Although Much Search Has Been Made, No Wild Species Of Camel Can ...
Camelidie
Camelidie, A Family Of Ruminant Mam Mals, Including The Old World Camels (genus Camelus) And New World Guanacos And Vi Cugnas (genus Llama), As The Existing Remainder Of A Divergent Group Formerly Closely Connected Both In Structure And In Geographical Distribu Tion. It Forms A Distinct Section Of The Rumincin ...