And State In The
And State In The United States. That An Indispensable Function Of Any Government Is The Conservation Of Public Morals, And That An Indispensable Method Of Achieving It Is To Enforce The Public Exercise Of Some Religious Forms, Seemed Axiomatic To Most People In The 17th Century. The Tenet That Religion ...
Beep Type
Beep Type. Shorthorn Cattle Originated In North Eastern England In The Counties Of York And Durham, Where They First Came Into Prominence During The Last Quarter Of The 18th Century. The Color May He All Red, Red And White, Pure White Or Roan The Latter Being A Commingling Of Red ...
Burlington And Quincy Railroad
Chicago, Burlington And Quincy Railroad, Popularly Known As The 'burlington Route,* A System Operating In Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iovoa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota And Montana. The Nucleus Of The Sys Tem Originated In The Aurora Branch Railroad Company, Chartered 12 Feb. 1849, A Name Changed To Chicago ...
Castel Vetrano
Castel Vetrano, Vl-tra'no, Sicily, Town In The Province And 27 Miles Southeast Of Trapani, On A Rocky Hill. It Lies In A Fertile District, Is Regularly Built, Has Several Churches, Grammar School With Municipal Museum Of Antiquities, Many Of Whose Objects Were Fond At Selinus, In The Vicinity. Grapevmes, Olives ...
Castelnau
Castelnau, Kas-terno, Edouard De Curieres De, French General: B. Saint Affrique 1851. He Entered The Saint-cyr Mili Tary School In 1869, And In The Following Year, When The Franco-prussian War Broke Out, He Was Given A Commission. He Served Through The Whole Campaign And Emerged With The Rank Of Captain. ...
Casti
Casti, Kas'te, Giambattista, Italian B. Montefiascone 1721; D. Paris, 7 Feb. 1803. Lie Studied At Montefiascone, Became Professor There, Was Appointed A Canon And Made A Jour Ney To France. Receiving An Invitation From The Prince Of Rosenberg, Who Became Ac Quainted With Him In Florence, He Went To Vienna ...
Castle
Castle, A Word Derived From The Latin Castellum, A Diminutive Of Castrum, A Fortress Or Stronghold. The Word Castellum Was Fre Quently Applied By The Romans As A Military Term To Denote A Redoubt. The Word Has Come To Be Used As The Designation Of Those Strong Holds Which, In ...
Castle Of Otranto
Castle Of Otranto, The. Horace Walpole's 'the Castle Of Otranto,' Published In 1764, Owes Its Importance To The Fact That It Is The First Example Of The So-called Gothic Romance, A Type Of Fiction Which, In The Hands Of Writers Like. Mrs. Radcliffe, Became Highly Popular In The Late 18th ...
Castlereagh
Castlereagh, Kas'el-ra, Robert Stew Art, Viscount, English Statesman: B. 18 June 1769; D. 12 Aug. 1822. He Was Educated At Armagh And At Saint John's College, Cam Bridge. He Entered The Irish Parliament In 1790, Became Viscount Castlereagh (1796). He Turned Tory In 1795 And Next Year Became Keeper Of ...
Castles
Castles, Historic. Of Castles And Ruins Of Castles To Be Found To-day, Perhaps The Most Interesting Are Those Of Germany. These °burgen,-* Whether Of The Feudal Lords Or Of The °robber Knights,* On Account Of Their Rugged Situation, Protected By Mountain Fast Ness, Forests And Rivers, Were Peculiarly Adapted To ...
Castor Oil
Castor Oil (oleum Ricini), The Fixed Oil Expressed From The Seeds Of Ruinus Cons Munis, Of The Family Euphorbiacea'. The Oil Is Obtained From The Seeds By Various Processes. The Seeds Are Sometimes Boiled And The Oil Skimmed From The Water, Or The Oil May Be Taken Up By Solvents, ...
Castor And Pollux
Castor And Pollux (the Latter Called By The Greeks Polydeuces), The Sons Of Tyndareus, King Of Lacedaemon, And Leda, Or, According To Some, Of Zeus And Leda. The Fable Runs That Leda To Whom The God Came In The Form Of A Swan Brought Forth Two Eggs, One Of Which ...
Castrametation
Castrametation. The Art Of Lay Ing Out Camps And Of Placing The Troops So That The Different Arms Shall Afford Support To Each Other In The Best Manner. No Definite Rules Can Be Laid Down, But The Proper Exercise Of The Art Of Encamping Is So To Place The Troops ...
Castration
Castration, The Removal Of The Testi Cles Or Ovaries Of Animals. Castration Is Usually Performed To Limit Reproduction, To Change The Character Of The Working Animal, Making Him More Docile And Easier To Train, Or To Improve The Quality, Of Meat For,eating, Akin Capons. In Human Beings Castration Is A ...
Castren
Castren, Matthias Alexan Der, Finnish Philologist: B. Tervola, 2 Dec. 1813; D. Helsingfors, 7 May 1852. While At Tending, As A Young Man, The University Of Hel Singfors He Conceived The Project Of Tracing Out The Various Detached Branches Of The Finnish Races And Languages, And Presenting Their Ethnological And ...
Castro
Castro, Cipriano, Venezuelan Military Leader: B. Capacho, Venezuela, Near The Frontier Of Colombia, About 1855. His Parents Were Spanish Mestizos Of The Peasant Class. He At Tended School In Capacho. While Still A Very Young Man He Took An Active Part In Politics In Capacho, As A Liberal. His First ...
Castro Y Bellvis
Castro Y Bellvis, Betves, Galsen, Spanish Poet And Dramatist: B. Valencia 1569; D. Madrid, 28 July 1631. Next To Lope De Vega He Is The Greatest Spanish Dramatic Poet Of His Day. He Lived At An Age When Spanish Drama Was Almost At Its Best; For The Dramatic Writers Who ...
Castro_2
Castro, Inez De, Spanish Lady: D. 1355. She Was Descended From The Royal Line Of Castile. After The Death Of Constantia, Wife Of Pedro, Son Of Alfonso Iv, King Of Por Tugal, In 1345, Inez Was Secretly Married By Pedro, Whose Mistress She Had Already Been. As He Steadily Rejected ...
Casuistry
Casuistry, The Science Or Art Of Deter Mining Cases Of Conscience And The Moral Character Of Human Acts; So Called From Eases Consciesstice, A Case Of Conscience. Wherever The Question Arises, Is Such An Act Allowable By Moral Law? There Is A Case Of Conscience And Matter Of Casuistry, And ...
Caswell
Caswell, Richard, American Lawyer: B. Maryland, 3 Aug. 1729; D. Fayetteville, N. C., 20 Nov. 1789. He Removed To North Carolina In 1746; Practised Law And Was A Member Of The Colonial Assembly (1756-70). He Was A Delegate To The Continental Congress 1774-75; Was President Of The Provincial Congress Which ...
Catacombs
Catacombs, Subterranean Caves Or Vaults Used As Burial-places. All Nations Have Been Accustomed To Some Outward Manifesta Tion Of Regard For The Dead, Such As Funeral Solemnities, The Consecration Of Grounds For Sepulture, The Erection Of Monuments, Etc. Some Nations, As The Egyptians, Constructed Pyramids And Labyrinths To Contain The ...
Catalan Grand Company
Catalan Grand Company, The, A Name Of A Troop Of Adventurers Raised By Roger De Flor About The Beginning Of The 14th Century. Roger First Gave His Services To Fred Erick, King Of Sicily, In His War With Robert, Duke Of Calabria, But When Peace Was Con Cluded Between The ...
Catalan Language
Catalan Language, One Of The Groups Of The Romance Tongues Which Has Been Considered Politically In Spain As But A Dialect Of Spanish. It Is, However, As Distinctly Dif Ferent From Spanish And The Other Romance Languages As Is Portuguese. Catalan Was Long The Language Of An Independent Kingdom; And ...
Catalan Literature
Catalan Literature, The Litera Ture Of Catalonia And Adjacent Districts Speak Ing The Same Form Of The Romance Tongues. It Had Its Origin In The Movement Started By The Troubadours Who Overran Catalonia, Valencia And Provence, And It Attained Its Highest De Velopment In The 14th And 15th Centuries. The ...
Catalani
Catalani, Angelica, Italian Singer: B. Sinigaglia, Most Probably In 1782, Although Several Other Years Are Given ; D. Paris, 13 June 1849. As Early As Her Seventh Year Her Mag Nificent Voice Had Become The Subject Of Gen Eral Remark, But It Was Not Till The Age Of 14 That ...
Catalepsy
Catalepsy, A Peculiar Motor Phenom Enon, Not A Disease, That Is Found In A Number Of Nervous Disorders. It Consists Of A Persist Ent Muscular Attitude Of Some Part Of The Body, And May Or May Not Be Attended By Uncon Sciousness. Thus A Person May Place The Right Arm ...
Catalonia
Catalonia (spanish Cataluna), For Merly A Semi-independent Principality Of Spain, Then A Part Of The Domains Of The Crown Of Aragon And Now A Captaincy-general Of The Spanish Kingdom. Catalonia, Which Is Com Posed Of The Four Provinces, Gerona, Lerida, Barcelona And Tarragona, Occupies The North East Corner Of Spain. ...
Catania
Catania (ancient Catana), Italy, City Of Sicily, In The Province Of Catania, On The Borders Of The Valley Of Noto, The See Of A Bishop, The Suffragan Of Monreal, 47 Miles South-southwest Of Messina, 85 East-southeast Of Palermo. It Is Situated On A Gulf Of The Mediterranean, At The Foot ...
Cataplasm
Cataplasm, Poultice Or Plaster Applied To Sore Parts To Increase Suppuration, Relieve Pain, Stimulate The Skin Or Some Similar Pur Pose. It May Be Composed Of Any Moist And Pulpy Substance That Will Retain The Water With Out Dripping Or Soaking Through Thin Muslin Covering In Which It Is Usually ...
Cataracts
Cataracts (from Latin, Cataracts, A "water-fall"), One Of The Names Given To Sud Den Descents In Streams Of Water, The More General English Term Being Fall Or Falls. A Considerable Declivity In The Bed Of A River Pro Duces Rapids. When It Shoots Over A Precipice It Forms A Cataract. ...
Catatonia
Catatonia, A Variety Of Schizophrenia —or Dementia Praecox, Which Latter Is The Most Frequent Of All Mental Disorders. The Catalonic Variety Is The Most Severe And Is Usually Marked By A Greatly Increased Tend Ency Toward Excessive Motor Reactions, Such As Negativism, Catalepsy, Mannerisms And Violent Tempestuous Outbreaks, Often Ex ...
Catechism
Catechism, A Form Of Instruction By Question And Answer, Especially In Christian Doctrine By That Method; And Not The Instruc Tion Only, But The Book In Which The Questions And Answers Are Contained. The Catechetical School Of Alexandria Was An Institution De Signed To Instruct Pagans In The Doctrines Of ...
Catechumen
Catechumen, A Person Who Is Under Instruction And Probation Preparatory To Admis Sion To Membership In The Christian Church Through Baptism. On The Day Of Pentecost And In The Early Days Of The Church's Mission The Converts To The Religion Of Jesus Christ Were Admitted Through Baptism To Fellowship In ...
Category
Category (gk. Garrropia, An Accusa Tion), In Logic And Philosophy, One Of The Great Natural Divisions Into Which All Conceivable Ob Jects Fall. The Ancients, Following Aristotle, Generally Made 10 Categories. Under The First All Substances Are Comprised, And All Accidents Or Attributes Under The Last Nine, Namely, Quan Tity, ...
Caterpillar
Caterpillar, The Larva• Of A Moth Or Butterfly. The Body Is Long And Cylindrical, Consisting, Besides The Head, Of Three Thoracic And 10 Abdominal Segments, The Last One Form Ing The Suranal Plate. The Three Pairs Of Thor Acic Legs Are Solid, Horny And Jointed, While The Supports Of The ...
Catfish
Catfish, Any Of The Fishes Of The Family Siluricke. This Large Family Is Characterized By Having The Body Naked Or Covered With Bony Plates, But Without True Scales. About The Mouth There Are Two Or More Barbels, The Longest Of Which Are At The Corners Of The Mouth. There Is ...
Cathari
Cathari, The Name Given To Themselves By The Adherents Of Numerous Heretical Sects, Undoubtedly Of Gnostic And Manichean Origin, Which Swarmed In Western Europe, And Partic Ularly In Northern Italy And Southern France In The 12th Century. At That Period Society Had Much Advanced In Wealth And Power, Which Brought ...
Catharine De Medici
Catharine De Medici, Queen Of Henry Ii Of France: B. Florence 1519; D. Blois, France, 5 Jan. 1589. She Was The Only Daughter Of Lorenzo De Medici, Duke Of Urbino, And The Niece Of Pope Clement Vii. Francis I Consented That His Son, Henry, Should Marry Her Only Because He ...
Catharine I
Catharine I, Empress Of Russia: B. Ringen, Near Dorpat, Livonia, 15 April 1684; D. Saint Petersburg, 17 May 1727. The Early His Tory Of This Remarkable Woman Is Uncertain. Ac Cording To Some Accounts She Was The Daughter Of A Swedish Officer Named Rabe, Who Died Shortly After She Was ...
Catharine Ii
Catharine Ii, Empress Of Russia: B. Stettin, 2 May 1729; D. Saint. Petersburg, 17 Nov. 1796. She Was A Daughter Of Thence Of Anhalt Zerbst And Her Name Was Ownally Sophia Augusta. The Empress Elizabeth Chose Her For The Wife Of Peter, Her Nephew, Whom She Appointed Her Successor. The ...
Catharine Of Aragon
Catharine Of Aragon, Queen Of England, The Youngest Daughter Of Ferdinand Of Aragon And Isabella Of Castile: B. Alcal5. De Henares, Spain, 15 Dec. 1485; D. Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire, 7 Jan. 1536. In 1501 She Was Married To Arthur, Prince Of Wales, Son Of Henry Vii. Her Husband Dying About Five ...
Cathartic
Cathartic, Any Remedy That Will Cause An Increased Discharge From The Intestinal Canal. For Purposes Of General Description There Are Four Classes Of Cathartics. These Are Mild Cathartics, Or Laxatives; Simple Purges, Drastic Purges And Hydragogues. Catharsis Is Accom Plished Either By Increasing The Amount Of Water In The Intestines ...
Cathedral Schools
Cathedral Schools. All Of The Schools Of Western Europe Were Derived From Bishop's Schools (q.v.). The Manifold Duties Of The Bishop, However, Which Often Caused His Absence From His Diocese, Forced The Con Trol Of The School To Devolve On Those Members Of The Chapter Who Were Bound To Stationary ...
Cathedrals And Churches
Cathedrals And Churches, The Latter Name Derived From The Greek Evpuusor Lord's House, The Former From The Greek Aseapal A "seat? Thus, "to Speak Ex Cathe Is To Speak As From A Seat Of Authority. A Cathedral City Is The Seat Of The Bishop Of The Diocese And His Throne ...
Catholic Apostolic Church
Catholic Apostolic Church. A Body Of Christians Founded By Rev. Edward Irving, In London, England, In 1835, Hence Often Called Grvingites.>> Irving Was Pastor Of A Scotch Presbyterian Church, But, Changing His Views, Was Dismissed. He Held That The Gifts Bestowed Upon The Apostolic Church — Words Of Wisdom And ...
Catholic Church
Catholic Church, A Phrase Signify Ing Universal Church, The Whole Body Of True Believers In Christ; But The Term Is Commonly Used As Equivalent To The Roman Or Western Church. Like Most Other Words Used In Ecclesiology, The Term Catholic Was Borrowed At First From The New Testament. It Occurs ...
Catholic Church
Catholic Church, Roman. By This Name Is Designated The Large Body Of Christians, United In Doctrine And Worship Under The Su Preme Jurisdiction Of The Pope, The Bishop Of Rome. (see Papacy). The Members Of This Communion Are Wont Rather To Speak Of It As The °catholic Church? But Admit ...
Catholic Church And Science
Catholic Church And Science, The. The Development Of The History Of Science In Recent Years Has Completely Revolu Tionized Our Knowledge Of The Cultivation Of Science In The Older Time And With It Many Long Accepted Notions As Regards The Relation Of The Church And Science. Little Was Known About ...
Catholic Church In The
Catholic Church In The United States, The. Recent Historical Developments As To The Norsemen On The Amer Ican Continent Show That There Was A Bishop In Greenland And Missions On The Mainland Before The End Of The Middle Ages. Whether Any Of These Were In Territory Now The United States ...
Catholic Church_2
Catholic Church, Roman. Recent Growth And Statistics.— The Catholic Church Contains Within Its Fold 294,583,000 Souls, Or About 48 Per Cent Of The Entire Christian Population Of The Globe. It Is Found In All Continents And Among All Nations But Is Strongest In Southern Countries And Among The Latin And ...
Catholic Education In The
Catholic Education In The United States. Historical.— The First Schools Within The Present Limits Of The United States Were Those Founded By The Franciscans In Florida And New Mexico. Saint Augustine, Fla., Had A Classical School As Early As 1606, And There Were A Number Of Schools In Existence For ...
Catholic Emancipation Act
Catholic Emancipation Act, An Act Of The British Parliament Passed In The 10th Year Of The Reign Of George Iv, 13 April 1829, By Which The Catholics Of Ireland Were Relieved Of Civil Disabilities Still Persisting There After The More Odious And Oppressive Provisions Of The Penal Laws Enacted In ...
Catholic Knights Of America
Catholic Knights Of America, A Fraternal Organization, Founded In Nashville, Tenn., In 1877 And Chartered Under The Laws Of Kentucky In 1880. Its Object Primarily Was Mutual Life Insurance, But Its Scope Was Even Tually Extended To Include The Endeavor To Unite Fraternally All Acceptable Roman Catholics Of Every Profession, ...