CHAUIENET, William, American astronomer and mathematician: b. Milford, Pa., 24 May 1819; d. Saint Paul, Minn., 13 Dec. 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 1839, and became professor of mathematics and astroncony at the United States Naval Academy in 184 and was the first director of the ob servatory there. He was made professor of astrodtomy at Washington University, Saint Lotus, in 1859. In 1862 he became chancellor of Ole last institution. He wrote 'Spherical Practical Astronomy,' 'Elementary Geom e' and similar works. Consult 'Memoir of Chauvenet> (in the 'Biographical emoirs of the National Academy of Sciences,' ashington 1877). CHAUVINISM, a French word derived from la icol a s Chauvin, a soldier of the French Republic and of the First Em pire. His name became a synonym for a pas sionate admirer of Napoleon, and the word Chauvinism was formed to signify the almost idolatrous respect entertained by many for the first Emperor, and generally any feeling of exaggerated devotion, especially of patriotism. A vaudeville, 'La Coquarde Tricolore,> in which there was a character named Chauvin, with a song that became immensely popular, fixed the word in the French language. The
word is now used to express exaggerated patriotism of an aggressive type, jingoism.
LA, Switzerland, town in the canton of Neuchatel, and nine miles northwest of the town of Neuchatel, in a deep valley of the Jura, at an elevation of 3,070 feet above sea-level, and is regularly built, with broad, straight streets, and stone houses. The most notable structures are the aqueduct, 13 miles long; the Protestant church with a fine, vaulted roof ; the hospital; the college, which contains the municipal pic ture gallery; the historical museum; and the library. Among the educational institutions is a watch-making and art-engraving school. Chaux-de-Fonds and the neighboring village of Lode are the chief centres of match-making in Switzerland; and also manufacture articles in gold, slyer, bronze and enamels, lenses and scientific instruments. Watch and clock mak ing was begun here in 1705 by Jean Richard. Pop. 39,5)7.