CHEVALIER, Michel, French economist: b. Limoges, 13 Jan. 1806; d. Montpellier, 28 Nov. 1879. He was educated as an engineer in the School of Mines, joined the Saint Simo nians and suffered six months' imprisonment for promulgating the free doctrines of Pere Enfantin's party. On his liberation he re nounced his extreme doctrines, and was sent to the United States and to England on special missions. He spent two years in America, traveling, investigating and making his report to the French government and writing frequent letters to the Journal des Debats. He visited the United States, Mexico and Cuba. He negotiated with Richard Cobden a commercial treaty between England and France in 1860. He became a councillor of state (1838), pro fessor of political economy in the College de France (1840), member of the Chamber of Deputies (1845), and member of the Institute (1851), senator in 1860, and grand officer of the Legion of Honor the following year. He pub lished 'Letters on North (1836); (On the Materials of Interest in France); 'Es says on Industrial Politics); (Course in Politi cal Economy); 'History and Description of the Ways of Communication in the United States' (1840-42) • (Mexico: Ancient and Modem) (1863). He was a strong advocate of
free trade, and a specialist on questions of cur-• rency.
she-vo-de-f rez (Friesland horses, so called because first used at the siege of Groningen, in that province, in 1658), armed beams of square timber or iron used to defend the fronts of camps, breaches, etc., by closing them up. They are usually from 15 to 18 feet long, and connected by chains, each perforated with small holes to receive rods of wood or iron, pointed at. their extremities, and when moved in any di rection making a sort of hedge of spears. In their original form they were made of spears, sword-blades and other steel instruments such as were readily found at hand in the army equipment.