In 1901 the United States co-operated with other foreign powers represented at Peking in compelling China to make amends for aggres sions attending the Boxer outbreak of 1900. American influence with other powers reduced the money indemnities first proposed. The amount finally imposed,. largely through Ger man influence, and against the advice of American representative, was still greatly exaggerating claims. In 1909 the United States remitted to China $16,000,000, ) the unclaimed portion of the American share of the indemnity—which the Chinese govern ment arranged to use for educational expenses of Chinese students in the United States.
The Chinese republic of 1911, the culmina tion of a revolution precipitated by the creation of railwaysystems built on foreign loans, was recognized by the American government in May 1913, after the disappearance of the Im perial government of the Manchus (1912). The diplomatic representatives of the United States and the five great nowers 'backed a combination of bankers of the six powers formed to ad vance money to the new republic; but, in March 1913, after considerable negotiation to secure an agreement from China for satisfactory se and supervision of expenditures as a condition of the loan, the Amencan government announced its withdrawal from the group.
In 1915, China took an important step in the development of trade relations by the ap pointment of a trade commission to the United States. In June 1915' she took an important political step in the appointment; by President Yuan, of Pres. F. J. Goodnow of Johns Hop kins University, an American expert in prob lems of government, to act as constitutional adviser of the Chinese government. In 1916, the Chinese government selected as Dr. Good now's successor Prpf. W. F. Willoughby of Princeton University who was later succeeded, by Prof. W. W. Willoughby of Johns Hopkins.
American leadership is disclosed in a long list of interlocking obligations in regard to China, expressed since 1900. The American government has shown no inclination to. aban don political interests in China or to shirk responsibility in the continuance of the prin ciples of the Hay doctrine, the logical sequence to all earlier diplomatic relations. Following
the Japanese demands on China, which were granted in large part by the China-Japanese treaty of 25 May 1915, it announced that it could not agree to any action which might im pair American-Chinese treaty obligations, or the open door, or Chinese integrity. In 1917 it reached an agreement with japan on ques tions relating to Japanese policy in China. Late in August a special Japanese mission armed with full power, headed by Viscount' Kikujiro Ishii arrived at San Francisco to secure a better understanding between the two countries.
By an agreement of 2 November between Secretary Lansing and Viscount Ishii, the United States government consistent with the principle of the American Monroe doctrine, recognized that Japan by territorial propintrity had special interests in China, and obtained from Japan a recognition of the principle of the open door and a denial of any purpose to infringe in any way on the independence or territorial integrity of China. Although the recognition of special Japanese interests con ceded no right or authority. over the destinies of the Chinese people, and was joined with the guarantee of China's independence and in tegrity, and although, the pact was justified by China's feeble condition as a sovereign state, the Chinese government made a formal protest stating that it gwill not allow itself to be bound by any agreement entered into by •other nations* in which she has no part.
Callahan, J. M., 'America in the Pacific and Far East' (1901) • Coolidge, M. R., •'Chinese Immigration' (1969); 'For eign Relations of the United States' (vols. since 1861) ; Foster, J. W., 'American Diplo macy in the,Orient> (1903) ; Johnson, W. F., 'America's Foreign Relations> (1916) ; Latane, J. H., 'America as a World Power' (1907) • Malloy, F. M., 'Treaties . . . between United States and other Powers> (1910); Millard, T. F., 'America and the Far Eastern Question> (1908) ' • Moore, J. B., 'Digest crf International 4 Law> 1906) ; Smith, A. H., 'China and Amer ica To-day> (1907) Williams, S. W., 'Sketch of the Relations between the United States and China' (1910).