Christian Doctrine
Christian Doctrine, Development Of. The Evolution Of Church Doctrine, And With Their Slighter Shades Of Meaning, Of Dogma, Creed, Precept And Tenet, Since The Apostolic Age. Church Doctrine Is Based On Truths Contained In The Scriptures Of The Old And New Testaments, Christian Theologians Recognizing In These Scriptures The Depository ...
Christian Endeavor
Christian Endeavor, Young Peo,. Tile's Society Of, A Society Distinctly Religious In All Its Features; Organized 2 Feb. 1881, In Williston' Congregational Church, Portland, Me., By The Rev. •francis E. Clark. From One Small Association It Has Expanded Into More Than 77500 Societiee In All Parts Of The World, With ...
Christian Ii
Christian Ii, Icing Of Denmark, Nor Way And Sweden: B. Nyborg, Fiinen, 2 July 1481; D. Kallundborg, Zealand, Jan, 1559., He Was Grandson Of Christian I. In 1501 He Was Named Successor To The Crown And Took Part In The Government Of Norway, Which He Conducted With Great Severity. On ...
Christian Knowledge
Christian Knowledge, Society For The Promotion Of. The Oldest And Greatest Of The Religious Associations Connected With The Church Of England. It Is Popularly Referred To As The 'is. P. C. K." It Was Founded In 1698, Although It Did Not Receive Its Present Name Till 1701, And Had For ...
Christian Reformed Church In
Christian Reformed Church In North America, The. This Church Is Largely The Result Of Three Secession Move Ments Out Of The Reformed (dutch) Church (q.v.).11 First Of These Movements Took Place In 1 In The States Of New Jersey And New York. Its Leader Was Rev. Solomon Froeligh, D.d., Assistant ...
Christian Science
Christian Science. The Religion, Or Interpretation Of The Christian Religion, Dis Covered And Founded By Mary Baker Eddy (q.v.). Christian Scientists Regard It As The Restoration And Divinely Promised Fulfilment Of The Religion Taught And Practised By Christ Jesus. It Is Defined By Mrs. Eddy As °the Law Of God, ...
Christiania
Christiania, Kres-te-i'ne-a, Norway, Capital, City And Port, Province Of Aggershuus Or Christiania, At The Head Of The Long Narrow Inlet Called Christiania Fjord, About 60 Miles From The Open Sea Or Skager Rack. High Hills Rise Around It On Both Sides, Excepting Toward The Bay, But At Considerable Distances, Particularly ...
Christianity
Christianity. Christianity Is A Name For The Religion Which Was Founded By Jesus Christ. At First It Was Regarded As An Hereti Cal Sect Of Judaism, And, In Appearance, It Was Little More. Its Founder Was A Jew Who Always Spoke With Respect Of His Ancestral Religion, Attended Upon Its ...
Christians Of Saint Thomas
Christians Of Saint Thomas, The Name Of A Sect Of Christians On The Coast Of Malabar. In Southern India, To Which Region The Apostle Saint Thomas Is Said (by A Tradition That Has Lit Tle To Justify It) To Have Carried The Gospel. The Facts Of Their History Are Not ...
Christina
Christina, Kriteria, Queen Of Sweden: B. Stockholm, 9 Dec. 1626; D. Rome, 19 April 1689. She Was A Daughter Of Gustavus Adol Phus, And Her Education Was Conducted In A Masculine Manner. After The Death Of Gustavus In 1632 The States-general Appointed Guardians To The Queen Christina, Then But Six ...
Christmas
Christmas, Derived From The.mediaival Ch•istes Masse, The Mass Of Christ; The Feast Commemorating The Birth Of Jesus, Observed By The Christian Church Annually 25th Of December. It Was, According To Many Authori Ties, Not Celebrated In The First Centimes Of The Christian Church, As The Christian Usage In General Was ...
Christology
Christology, In The Widest Sense, In Cludes Whatsoever Of Theology Bears Upon The Christ; In A Limited And Technical Sense, It Is That Branch Of Theology Which Treats Of The Nature, Personality And Activities Of The Christ. In This Technical Sense, Christology May Be Con Veniently Treated I According To ...
Chromium
Chromium (gr. %$pa "color," In Al Lusion To The Colors Exhibited By Its Compounds), A Metallic Element Discovered In 1797 By Vau Quelin, In The Native Chromate Of Lead Of Si Beria, And Afterward Found Combined With Iron. The Metal Itself Has Never Been Prepared In Large Quantities, But It ...
Chromosome
Chromosome. The Entire Body Of An Animal Or Plant Is Built Up Of Cells; Each Cell Consists Of Protoplasm And A Nucleus And Is Usually Surrounded By A Cell Wall; The Nucleus Consists Of Chromatin And Its Derivatives. Dur Ing Nuclear Division The Chromatin Appears In The Form Of Definite ...
Chromosphere
Chromosphere, The Gaseous Envelope Which Exists Round The Body Of The Sun, Through Wtuch The Light Of The Photosphere, An Inner Envelope Of Incandescent Matter, Passes. Dur Ing Total Eclipses It Is Observed That A Red-col Ored Envelope Surrounds The Sun And Shoots Up To Great Distances From The Surface. ...
Chronicle
Chronicle, A History Recounting In Order Of Time All Details Which Observation Or Tradition Has Furnished The Author. It May Be A Universal History, Or May Deal With A Single Epoch, Nation, City Or Individual. Some Chron Icles Have Been Preserved From Early Ages; The Old Testament Chronicles (q.v.) Are ...
Chronicles
Chronicles, Books Of. The Books Of Chronicles Were Originally One Book In The Hebrew, Which Is Also True Of Ezra And Nehe Miah. Further, It Is Now A Generally Accepted Conclusion That These Two Books, Chronicles, And Ezra And Nehemiah, Were Written By The Same Author And Were, When Composed, ...
Chronology
Chronology, The Science Of Dates, Or Of Arranging Events In Order Of Time. Two Steps In Human Progress Were Requisite For Its Exist Ence: The Invention Of Material Records, Since Memory Would Not Transmit Exact Sequences Of Events On Any Considerable Scale; And The Adop Tion Of Some Recurrent Astronomical ...
Chrysalis
Chrysalis, Krts'a-111, The Pupa Stage In Butterflies, Succeeding The Caterpillar. During They Either Suspended Head Downward By The Tall, Or Rest Horizontally, With A Thread Pass Ing Around Them To Hold Them Securely. Many, If Not Most, Chrysalides Are Protected From Ob Servation By Their Colors, Which' Harmonize With The ...
Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum, A Genus Of Herbs Of The Family Asteraces. The Very Numerous Species Are Natives Most Of The Cooler Parts Of The Northern Hemisphere, But Some Have Become Introduced And Established In The Southern Hemisphere As Weeds, Having Escaped From Gardens. They Are Generally Hardy, White Or Yellow-flowered, Annual Orperennial ...
Chrysolite
Chrysolite, Kris'o-lit °bright Yellow Stone"), A Native Silicate Magne Sium And Iron, Sometimes Also Containing Tita Nium, Nickel Or Tin. It Occurs Massive And Granular, And Also In Orthorhombic Crystals. It Is Transparent Or Translucent, And Usually Green Or Yellow In Color, With A Vitreous Lustre.' It Has A Specific ...
Chrysostom
Chrysostom, John, Saint, Archbishop Of Constantinople, Greatest Of The Greek Fathers Of The Church: B. Antioch, The Capital Of Syria, About 347; D. Near Comana, In Pontus, 14 Sept. 407. His Cognomen, The Golden-mouthed (chrysostomos), Which Was Given To Him After His Death, He Owes To His Extraordinarily Rich, Fervid ...
Chrystlers Farm
Chrystler's Farm, Battle Of, The Most Discreditable American Defeat, As Chip Pewa Was The Most Brilliant Victory, Of The War Of 1812, Was Fought 11 Nov. 1813. The Expedi Tion Prepared In The Summer And Fall Of 1813 At Sackett's Harbor, On Lake Ontario, To De Scend The Saint Lawrence ...
Church
Church, John Adams, American Mining Engineer: B. Rochester, N. Y., 5 April 1843; D. New York, 19 Feb. 1917. He Was Educated In New York City, Completing His Course In The School Of Mines, Columbia University, In 1867. The Two Years Immediately Following His Grad Uation Were Passed In European ...
Church Government
Church Government. The System By Which The Affairs Of The Local Church, Or Congregation, And Of The Denomination Are Di Rected. The Main Principles Of Church Govern Ment Are Derived By Various Bodies Of Chris Tians From The New Testament. Roman Cath Olics And Episcopalians, Presbyterians And Re Formed, Baptists ...
Church States
Church States. The Former Do Minions Of The Popes Or Roman Pontiffs In Italy. Prior To 1859, The Papal States Covered A Territory Stretching Across Mid-italy From Sea To Sea And Comprised An Area Of 17,218 Square Miles, With 'a Population Of 3,124,668 The States Originated With The Grant Of ...
Church And State
Church And State. Between These Two Institutions, In Modern Times, There Has Rarely, If Ever, Existed Perfect Harmony. This Struggle, So Long Protracted, Bids Fair, Unless Some Astonishing Upheaval Occurs, To Last For All Time. It Has Been A Bitter One. It Has In Volved Large Interests And Brought To ...
Church Of The New
Church Of The New Jeru Salem, A Body Of Christians Founded On The Writings Of Emanuel Swedenborg (q.v.), And Often Called Swedenborg Was A Public Officer Of Sweden Who Became In Tensely Interested In Religious Matters And, Re Tiring From Office In 1747, Devoted Himself Thereafter Till His Death In ...
Church_2
Church, A Word Derived From The Greek Kyriakos, Dedicated To The Lord, The Scottish Kirk And German Kirche Being Forms Of The Same Word. In Its Widest Sense The Church Denotes The Whole Community Of Christians, N And Was Thus Used By The Ew Testament Writers. In More Restricted Significations ...
Churches Of God
Churches Of God, A Denomination Of Baptist Principles And Methodist Organiza Tion, Founded By Elder John Winebrenner In Pennsylvania, In 1830. Winebrenner Was A Minister Of The German Reformed Church And Was Active In Revival Movements And Changed His Views So As To Be Out Of Harmony With His Church, ...
Churchill
Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer, Lord, English Statesman, 3d Son Of The 7th Duke Of Marlborough: B. 13 Feb. 1849; D. Lon Don, 24 Jan. 1895. He Was Educated At Merton College, Oxford, And Entered Parliament In 1874 As Member For Woodstock. After The Conservative Debacle In 1880, He Formed What ...
Churchill_2
Churchill; Winston Leonard Spen Cer, English Statesman, Soldier And Author: B. 30 Nov. 1874, The Elder Son Of The Late Lord Randolph Churchill (3d Son Of The 7th Duke Of Marlborough) And Jennie, Daughter Of Leonard Jerome, Banker, Of New York He Was Educated At Harrow And Sandhurst Mili Tary ...
Churcu
Churcu, An Organization Of Christian& As Understood To-day There Are Two Widely Dif Ferent Opinions Regarding The Meaning Of A Church, And Both Claim The New Testament As Authority, (1) That Jesus Christ Established A Definite Church With A Code Of Laws Pertaining To Belief And Government; (2) That He ...
Churubusco
Churubusco, Choo-roo-boos'ico, Bat Tle Of, One Of The Principal Engagements Of The Mexican War, Took Place 20 Aug. 1847. Con Treras (q.v.) Was Won In The Early Morning, Churubusco In The Forenoon 'and Early After Noon, Of That Day, But They Are Quite Distinct Battles. The Main Road North To ...
Chyme
Chyme, Lam, A Pulpy Mass Into Which Food In The Stomach Is Resolved By The Action Of The Gastrid Juice And By The Contraction Of The Stomach. This Mass Is Grayish In Color And The Previous Texture Or Nature Of The Aliment Can Be No Longer Distinguished. It Passes By ...
Cibber
Cibber, Colley, English Dramatist And Actor: B. London, 6 Nov. 1671; D. There, 12 Dec. 1757. He Was A Son Of C. G. Cibber (q.v.) And The Sculptor's Second Wife, Jane Colley. He Made His Appearance At Drury Lane Theatre In 1689. In 1695 Appeared His First Comedy, 'love's Last ...
Cicada
Cicada, Si-ki.'da, A Large Insect Of The Order Hemiptera, Sub-order Homoptera And Family Cicadidce, Known By Its Broad Head, Pro Tuberant Eyes, Sucking Beak And Well-developed Ovipositor. The Male Cicada Makes A Shrill Noise By Means Of A Special Apparatus At The Base Of The Abdomen Or Hind-body. The Males ...
Cicero
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Roman Orator And Public Man And The Greatest Master Of Latin Prose Styles B, 106 Az.; Killed At Formim 43 B.c. Was A Dative Of Arpinum, The Birth Place Also Of Marius. His Father : Was A Knight Of Good Social Position And The Son Was Well ...
Ciceros Letters
Cicero's Letters. The Letters, Of Cicero Cover A Period Of 25 Years, From 68 To 43 A.c., The Year Of The Orator's Death, And Are Embraced In Four Groups: (1) (epistulz Ad Familiarese Consisting Of 16 Books Of Letters To Various Friends, Including An Entire Book Of Those Addressed To ...
Cicuta
Cicuta, Si-kina, A Genus Of Poisonous Unbelliferous Plants Commonly Known As Water Hemlock Or Cowbane, The Species Natives Of North America. The Plants Are A Dangerous Poison, Said To Be Fatal To Cattle That Eat Them. Persons Are Known To Have Died From Eating The Roots Which Are White And ...
Cider
Cider, The Pressed Fermented Juice Of Apples; A Beverage, The Quality Of Which De Pends Principally On The Following Particulars: Kind Of Fruit, Condition Of The Fruit When Ground, Manner Of Grinding And Pressing, Method Of Producing Fermentation, And Precau Tions To Be Taken Against Its Excess. The Kind Of ...
Cienfuegos
Cienfuegos, Cuba, City In The Prov Ince Of Santa Clara, On The South Side Of The Island. Its Harbor, Which Is One Of The Finest In The West Indies, Was Visited By Co Lumbus On His First Voyage, And Was Surveyed By Ocampo In 1508. The Town Was Settled By ...
Cigar
Cigar (of Uncertain Etymology; It Can Not Be Connected With Any West Indian Speech, And The Customary Derivation From Sp. Ciqarra, Cicada, In Allusion To A Similarity Of Outline Is Generally Denied By Scholars; Sp. Cigarro. Also Incorrectly Spelled Segar), A Short Compact Roll Of Tobacco Leaf For Smoking. This ...
Cimabue
Cimabue, Che-ma-bool, Giovanni, Ital Ian Artist : B. Florence 1240; D. There About 1302, Two Greek Artists, Who Were Invited To Florence By The Senate To Paint A Chapel In The Church Of Santa Maria Novella, Were His First Masters. Although These Artists Handled The Pencil Awkwardly, They However Taught ...
Cimbri
Cimbri, Kim'bre, A Tribe Which Inhabited Jutland (the Chersonesus Cimbrica), Whence They Sallied, Together With The Teutones, And Became Among The Most Formidable Of The Ene Mies Of Rome. In The Year 114 B.c., When The Romans Were Already Masters Of A Part Of The Eastern Alps, In The Present ...
Cinchona
Cinchona, Sin-keina, Bark, The Bark Of Several Species Of Cinchona, A Genus Of Trees And Shrubs Of The Family Rubiacecr. The Following Are The Most Important: Cin Chona Fiava Cortex, Yellow Cinchona Bark, Which Occurs As Quills Covered With A Brown Epi Dermis, Mottled With Whitish Yellow Lichens, And Also ...
Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Society Of The (as Having Left The Plow, Like Cincinnatus, For Their Country's Service, And Returning To It When The Need Was Over), A Memorial Society Organized By The Officers Of The American Revolutionary Army, 13 May 1783, Just Before Their Final Dis Persion, From The Camp On The ...
Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio, City And County-seat Of Hamilton County, In The Extreme Southwest Of The State, One Of The Great Commercial And Manufacturing Centres Of The Union, 10th In Nominal Rank And 7th Or 8th In Fact. It Is Situated On The North Bank Of The Ohio River, Almost Half Way ...
Cincinnati_2
Cincinnati, University Of. The Uni Versity Of Cincinnati Owes Its Existence Primarily To A Bequest Of Charles Mcmicken, Who, In La Left $1,000,000 Worth Of Property To The City Of Cincinnati To Found And Maintain A College. One-half Of This Property Consisting Of Real Estate In The State Of Louisiana ...
Cinematograph
Cinematograph, Kin-e-mat'o-graf (gr. Kimia, 'movement," From Kativ, 'to Move), An Ingenious Instrument Introduced About 1895 By Two Brothers Lumiere Of Lyons, And Founded On The Same Principle As Edison's Kinetoscope — The Persistence Of Vision. The Characteristic Part Of The Instrument Is A Sensi Tive Photographic Film Or Band About ...
Cinnamic
Cinnamic, Sin'a-mik, Acid, An Acid Which Exists In The Free State In The Balsams Of Tolu And Peru, In Liquid Storax And In Gum Benzoin. It Occurs In Two Forms, Slender Needle-like Crystals, And Large Transparent Prisms, Melting At 270° F. When Oil Of Cinna Mon Is Exposed To The ...
Cinnamon
Cinnamon, The Bark Of The Tinder Branches Of A Species Of Laurel (cinnamoment Seylanicutn), Which Is Chiefly Found In Ceylon, But Grows Also In Malabar And Other Parts Of The East Indies. The Tree Attains A Height Of 20 Or 30 Feet. Its Leaves Are Oval, The Flowers Are Of ...
Cino Da Pistoia
Cino Da Pistoia, Che'n6 Cla Pes-to'yi, Italian Jurisconsult And Poet: B. Pistoia 1270; D. There, 24 Dec. 1336. He Ranks Among The Best Of The Early Italian Poets, And Resembles Petrarch More Than Any Of The Other Predeces Sors Of This Poet. His Poems Were First Pub Lished At Rome ...
Cipher Writing
Cipher Writing, A Method Of Sending Important Intelligence In A Manner So Effectually Disguised That Only Those For Whom The Com Munication Is Intended Can Understand The Meaning Of What Is Written. Till Comparatively Recent Years Diplomats, Statesmen And Military Or Naval Commanders Were The Principal Per Sons Compelled By ...
Circassia
Circassia, Sir-lcashi-a, A Region In The Southeast Of European Russia, Lying Chiefly On The North Slope Of The Caucasus, Partly Also On The South, And Bounded On The West By The Black Sea. It Forms Part Of The Government Of The Caucasus, Including A Great Portion Of The Terri Tory ...
Circle
Circle, In Geometry, A Plane Figure Con Tained By One Line, Which Is Called The ((circum Ference" And Is Such That All Straight Lines Drawn From A Certain Point (the ((centre") Within The Figure To The Circumference Are Equal To One Another. According To This Definition Of Euclid, Which Is ...
Circular Polarization Of Light
Circular Polarization Of Light. Plane-polarized Light Is Altered Into Circularly Polarized Light By Passing In A Par Ticular Direction Through A Fresnel's Rhomb. This Is A Parallelopiped Of Glass With Its Faces Set At Certain Angles Depending On The Ref Rac Tive Power Of The Glass. The Usual Experi Mental ...
Circumcision
Circumcision, An Amputation Of The Foreskin, Or Labia Minors Of The Human Organs Of Generation; Principally Performed On Males, But Sometimes On Females. It Has Been Practised In All Ages And By Both Civilized And Savage Races, As Arabs, Certain African Tribes, Chris Tian Abyssinians, Australian Ublacks,b Malays, Some North ...
Circumstantial Evidence
Circumstantial Evidence, Evi Dence Which Tends To Prove A Particular Fact By The Proof Of Other Facts, From Which It Is Concluded That The Particular Fact Must Lave Happened. It Is The Natural And Reasonable In Ference Resulting From Facts Which Have Been Established. If A Is On Trial For ...
Circus
Circus, A Word Which Has Come Down To Us From The Latin Without Change, Meaning °circle° And Used By The Romans To Indicate The Place In Each City Where Chariot Races, Gladiatorial Contests And Feats Of Skill Were Held. The Circus Building In Roman Times Was Without A Roof, Rectangular ...
Cirripedia
Cirripedia, An Order Of Entomostrac Ous Crustacea (barnacles), Sometimes Ranked As A Sub-class, Always Fixed In The Adult Stage, But With Free-swimming Larvahaving Three Pairs Of Appendages (nauplius) Like Other Crustacea. The Typical Barnacles Have The Body Enclosed In A Reduplication Of The Skin Which Secretes A Calcareous Shell, On ...
Cistercians
Cistercians, Sis-ter'she-ins, A Monas Tery Founded In 1698 By Saint Robert Of Mo Lesme, A Benedictine Monk Of Cluny (q.v.) At Cistercium, Near Dijon In France. After A Year Robert Of Molesme Was Succeeded As Abbot By The Monk Alberic And He In Turn By Saint Stephen Harding, An Englishman ...
Cities
Cities, European, Government Of.—the Chief Features Of City Government In The Various Countries Of Europe Are (1) A Uniform System Of Charter Powers And Organization Applying To All The Cities In Each State; (2) A Plan Of Close Supervision Of City Affairs And Particularly Of City Finances, By The Central ...