BURG). By moving rapidly down the Valley he defeated Banks at Winchester (q.v.) and forced him across the Potomac, 26 May. Re turning, he defeated Gen. J. C. Fremont at Cross Keys, 8 June, on one flank and Gen. James Shields at Port Republic, 9 June, on the other, and after a week spent in deceiving General Fremont into the belief that he was about to advance down the Valley, by a rapid and unsuspected movement he appeared 25 June at Ashland on the flank of McClellan's army in front of Richmond. Then followed the Seven Days' battles, beginning with Mechanics ville 26 June and ending at Malvern Hill 2 July, whence the Artny of the Potomac with drew to Harrison's Landing on the James.
(See SEvEN DAyS' BATTLES; OAK GROVE; MECHANICSVILLE; GAINES' MILL; PEACH OR and Gen. James Longstreet's corps to Gordons ville. Pope took the field 29 June and threat ened Gordonsville again. aStonewall" Jacicson advanced on the 7th, reaching Cedar Mountain on the 9th. Here Banks attacked and was de feated. Jackson retired beyond the Rapidan, and upon Lee, with Longstreet, coming up, Pope retired behind the Rappahannock. By a long detour, by way of Salem and Thoroughfare Gap, Jackson moved rapidly around Pope's right and 26 July destroyed his stores at Bristoe Station and Manassas in his rear, retiring to the former battlefield of Bull Run. On the 23d Reynolds' division from the Army of the Potomac joined McDowell and on the 25th Gen. S. P. Heintzelman's corps, two divisions, arrived and the next day Fitz-John Porter's corps of two divisions reached Pope. The bat tle of Gainesville followed on the 28th, result ing. in the retirement of Iwo of McDowell's divisions. At Groveton on the 29th the head of Longstreees forces reached the field and took part in the closing fight. All the battles of the campaign had been desperately fought by both sides. On the 30th occurred the second battle of Bull Run (q.v.). Pope was defeated, but withdrew unmolested to Centreville beyond Bull Run. Here he was joined by the strong corps of Sumner and Franklin' from McClel lan's army. A flank movement by Jacicson led to the battle of Chantilly (9.v.). Pope then, under orders, 2 September, withdrew his army to the fortifications of Washington.
Pope was then relieved; his forces were added to the Army of the Potomac and Mc Clellan took command of the combined army. The first Confederate invasion of the North followed. On 3 September Lee put his army in motion from Chantilly toward the Potomac. The crossing was accomplished in the vicinity of Leesburg on the 5th, the army moving for ward to Frederick, where on the 7th Lee is sued a proclamation setting forth that his army had come to help them regain the rights of which they had been despoiled. This was coldly received. Upon learning that the garrison of Har per's Ferry (q.v.) had not withdrawn, hc de tached forces which invested and captured that place with its garrison of 11,000 men and over 70 guns. (See MARYLAND HEIGHTS). Lee, who, with Longstreet's command, had marched to Hagerstown, turned back to hold Turner's Gap in South Mountain (q.v.), but was defeated on the 14th and fell back to Sharpsburg. where he was subsequently joined by the forces detached against Harper's Ferry.
McClellan advanced from Washington 5 September toward Fredericlc, Md., the right wing and centre passing through that place on the 13th, the right moving to Turner's and the left to Crampton's Gap. Both these posi tions were carried on the 14th after sharp fight ing. On the 15th Lee took position on the high ground beyond Antietam Creek and in front of Sharpsburg. Gen. Joseph Hooker's corps attacked his left toward evening of the 16th, the fighting continuing until after dark. The general engagement began at daylight on the 17th, lasting for 14 hours, the losses being greater than for any one day's fighting of the war. (See Art-rtrrsm). The advantages were with the Union army, though Lee maintained his lines during the 18th, but at night withdrew and crossed the Potomac, ending the first in vasion of the North. (See MARYLAND CAM PAIGN or SEPTEMBER 1862). Lee remained a month about Winchester (see SHEPHERDSTOWN (BOTELER'S) FORD), and upon the Union army's crossing into Virginia and moving toward Win chester he took position behind the Rappahan nock.