CONCORDANCE, a book in which the more important words of a volume or collec tion of writings are arranged alphabetically, part of a passage being extracted with each and the place of its use specifically given. The first known concordance of the Bible in any language was that of Saint Anthony of Padua, who was born in 1195, and died in 1231. His work was called (Concordantim Morales,' and was of the Latin Vulgate. It formed the basis of a more elaborate concordance, also of the Vulgate, that of Hugo de Santo Caro, bet ter known as Cardinal Hugo. This was pub lished in 1244 A.D. The first Hebrew concord ance was that of Rabbi Mordecai Nathan, be gun in 1438 and finished in 1448. The first Greek concordance to the New Testament was that of Xystus Betuleius, whose real name was Birck; it came forth in 1546 A.D. The first English concordance to the New Testa ment was that of Thomas Gybson, before 1540 A.D.; the first to the whole English version of the Bible that of Marbeck, 1550 A.D. These, of course, preceded the appearance in 1611. A.D. of the authorised version of the Bible. The elaborate and well-known work of Cruden ap peared first in 1737. All these works, with the exception of the last named, have been super seded by vastly improved works by modern scholars. Of the Septuagint the standard is that by Hatch and Redpath (London 1897) ; of the Vulgate, that by Coornaert (Bruges 1892, and that by Peultier, Etienne and Gantois (Paris 1902) ; of the Hebrew Bible the best is that by Furst and Delitzsch, in Latin (Leipzig 1841) and also that by Davidson, Tregelles and others, in English (London 1873); of the Greek New Testament are those of Bruder (Leipzig 1842; 5th ed., Gottingen 1900) ; in English
Moultrie and Gedden (New York 1897) ; of Luther's Bible the best is that of Biichner (Jena 1740; 23d ed., Berlin 1899); of the English Bible in addition to Cruder are those by Young (Edinburgh 1879), Walker (Bos ton 1874) and Strong (New York 1894).
Scholars have also compiled concordances of the works of several great authors. The first known concordance to Shakespeare was that of Ayscough, in 1790. Mrs. Mary Cowden Clarke's elaborate and most useful work -was first published in London in 1845, and in 1894 appeared a still more excellent one, that of John Bartlett, published in New York. A concordance to Milton was published in Madras in 1856 and 1857, and one to Tennyson in Lon don in 1870 and another in 1912. Others of this kind are (Dante's Works,' by E. A. Fay (Bos ton 1889) ; (Omar Khayyam,' by J. R. Fultin (London 1899); (Chaucer,' by the Chaucer Society (London 1872-) ; (Pope,' by E. Ab bott (ib. 1875) ; 'Cowper's Poetical Works,' by J. Neve (ib. 1887) ; (Gray,' by A. S. Cook (ib. 1909); 'Dickens,' by G. A. Pierce (ib. 1898) • and by Williams (ib. 1907) • 'Brown ing,' 6 Molineux (New York 1896').