Competition
Competition, A Term Nearly Equivalent To The Phrase °struggle For Existence." Lamarck Was The First To Point Out Definitely The Fact Of Competition In The Cases Of Man And The Sloth, But It Was Not Until A Half-century Later That Darwin And Wallace Emphasized Its Far-reach Ing Importance As A ...
Compleat Angler
Compleat Angler, The. Though Izaak Walton's (compleat Angler' Is Actually, As Its Title Implies, A Treatise On Angling, It Is Not By Reason Of Any Technical Excellence That It Has Become An English Classic. The Prosaic Angler Of Walton's Own Day (consult Robert Franck's 'northern Memoirs,' 1694; Re-edited By Sir ...
Complex Variable
Complex Variable, Theory Of Functions Of A. 1. Function.— The Theory Of Functions Of A Complex Variable Deals With Ordinary Complex Numbers, ^=x Yi, When X And Y Are Real, And I Denotes-the Pure Imaginary Number Just As Real Numbers Are Repre Sented By Points On A Line,• E.g., The ...
Complutensian Polyglot
Complutensian Polyglot, The Earliest Complete Polyglot Edition Of The Bible Compiled And Printed In Alcola. It Was Made By Seven Scholars Under The Auspices And At The Expense Of Cardinal Ximenes. It Was Begun In 1502, And Finished In 1517, But Was Not Actually Published Till 1522. It Consists Of ...
Compressed Air
Compressed Air. Compressed Air Has A Wide Application In The Various Branches Of Mechanical Engineering And In The Arts And Manufactures. As Compared With Steam, Com Pressed Air Transmission Of Power Is Valuable And Convenient Because (a) Its Loss In Trans Mission Through Pipes Is Relatively Small, (b) The Question ...
Compromise Of 1833
Compromise Of 1833, Henry Clay's Tariff Compromise, To Prevent Civil War On Account Of Nullification By South Carolina. The Tariff Of 1828 Was Regarded By The South As Injurious And Inequitable, Raising Its Expenses And Reducing Its Income, And Laying Burdens Upon It Without Compensating Advantages. The Tariff Was Borne ...
Compromise Of 1850
Compromise Of 1850. The Missouri Compromise Of 1820 (q.v.) Had Divided The Louisiana Purchase Between Free And Slave Ter Ritory At 36° 30' (the General Boundary Between Arkansas And Missouri), Except That Missouri Was To Be Slave. The Extreme Pro-slavery Mem Bers, About One-fifth Of The House And One Fourth ...
Comptometer
Comptometer, Compt-onee-ter (from Fr. Compter, To Count + Gr. Meter, A Measure), An Adding And Calculating Machine, On Which Can Be Performed Rapidly And Accurately All Arithmetical Problems Involving Addition, Multi Plication, Division And Subtraction. The Name Was Coined By Dorr E. Felt, Inventor Of The Machine, In 1885. The ...
Computing Scales
Computing Scales. As Is Well Lcnown, The Weight Of A Commodity Is Ascertained In Order To Form A Basis For Ascertaining Its Value At A Given Price Per Pound If In The United States Or Great Britain And Her Colonies, Or At A Oven Price Per Lcilogram In Nearly All ...
Comte
Comte, Vint, Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier, Generally Known As Auguste Comte, A Famous French Philosopher: B, Montpellier, 19 Jan. 1798, Of A Strict Catholic Family ; D. 'paris, 5 Sept. 1857. He Was Very Precocious In His Intellectual Development; In His Own Words, At The Age Of 14 He ...
Comus
Comus. This Is The Title Given To A Masque By John Milton, Produced In Honor Of The Earl Of Bridgewater, Upon His Entrance On His Duties As Lord President Of Wales, At Ludlow Castle, On Michaelmas Night, 29 Sept. 1634. The Young Puritan Poet Was Induced To Furnish The Words ...
Conadie Francaise
Conadie Francaise, Keimie-de' F Ran'. Siz', The Official Name Of The National Theatre Of France Which Is Supported By Public Funds For The Purpose Of Advancing Dramatic Art. It Was Long Known Popularly As ((la Maison De Moliere," Or Mohere's Theatre, Even After It Had Become, By Royal Decree In ...
Conaty
Conaty, Thomas James, American Ro Man Catholic Prelate: B. Ireland, 1 Aug. 1847; D. Coronado Beach, Cal., 18 Sept. 1915. In 1850 He Came With His Parents To America, The Family Settling In Taunton, Mass., And In The District Schools Of That City He Received His Primary Education. He Entered ...
Concepcion
Concepcion, Chile, The Capital Of -the Province Of The Same Name. It Is Situated On The Banks Of The Bio-bio River, And Is Connected By A Short Railway With Its Ports Of Entry, Tome And Talcahuano, Eight Miles Distant On The Bay Of Concepcion. In The Latter City A 'united ...
Concept
Concept. A Concept Is An Idea Which Has Been Formed By Thinking, And Which Is Permanently Embodied In Language By A Word Or Other Definite Symbolic Expression. There Are Two Main Differences Between A Concept And A Percept. In The First Place, The Latter Seems To Be Directly Presented Through ...
Concerto
Concerto, Kon-chieto, A Lcind Of Com Position First Introduced By The Italian Musi Cans Of The 17th Century, Really A Symphony With A Solo Instrument. The Principal Com Posers And Artists In This Department Are Corea, Viotti, Rodes, Baillot, Kreutzer, Alard, Beriot And Vieuxtemps. Subsequently Concerti Were Written For Other ...
Conclave
Conclave, Both The Apartment In Which Is Conducted The Election Of A Pope And The College Of Cardinals Assembled There. The Pro Cedure In Electing Popes Is Substantially The Same To-day As It Was In 1274 When It Was Pre Scribed By The Council Of Lyons. When A Pope Dies, ...
Concordance
Concordance, A Book In Which The More Important Words Of A Volume Or Collec Tion Of Writings Are Arranged Alphabetically, Part Of A Passage Being Extracted With Each And The Place Of Its Use Specifically Given. The First Known Concordance Of The Bible In Any Language Was That Of Saint ...
Concordat
Concordat, Kon-keedat (concordatum, Or, Plur., Concordata), A Compact Or Conven Tion Entered Into By The Holy See And A Secular Government To Determine Their Respective Powers And Rights In The Regulation Of Ecclesi Astical Affairs Within The Jurisdiction Of The State Which Is A Party To The Compact. The Earliest ...
Concrete
Concrete (from Latin Concretas, Tthat Which Is Grown Togethe0), An Artificial Stone, A Composition Of Hydraulic Cement, Sand And Broken Stone, Used For A Long Time For Sub Marine Foundations, And Since 1890 More And More In Place Of Building Stone. In Place Of Hydraulic Cement Pure Lime Was Originally ...
Concrete Bridges
Concrete Bridges. These Include Arch, Girder, Slab, Truss And Trestle Forms. The Location Of Piers, Length Of Span And Thicknesses Of Main Members Will Be Determined By The Character Of Foundations And Loading To Be Carried; The Width By The Traffic, And The Height By High Water Mark, And Adjoining ...
Concrete Construction
Concrete Construction. A His Torical Account.— As In The History Of Other Arts We Find Early Disclogures Of The Principles Of Action Of Various Later Constructions. Before Construction In Reinforced Concrete Strengthen Ing Of Brick Masonry Arches By Iron Ties To Prevent Opening Of Cracks In Tension Was Well Known. ...
Concrete Ships
Concrete Ships. For Vessels Of Mod Erate Size, Reinforced Concrete Has Taken Its Place As A Real Shipbuilding Material. It Pos Sesses Obvious Advantages For The Building Of Many Useful Types Of Craft. Among Its Recom Mendations Are Simplicity And Rapidity Of Con Struction, The Readiness With Which Repairs Can ...
Concretion
Concretion (the Act Of Growing To Together), The Act Of. Becoming United Into One Mass. (1) In A Restricted Sense The Term Is Used To Signify A Solid Mass, A Clot Or A Lump Formed By A Process Of Growing Together, As In Animal Economy, The Hard Substances That Oc ...
Conda
Conda, Louis Ii De Bourbon, Parma Of, French General: B. Paris, 8 Sept 1621; D. Near Fontainebleau, 11 Dec. 1686. He Was The Son Of Henri Ii, Prince De Conde (q.v.) And During The Life Of His Father Bore The Title Of Duc D'enghien. He Inunortalized This Name At The ...
Condensed Milk
Condensed Milk As Generally Man Ufactured And Sold Fresh Daily For Delivery To Consumers Is Pure Cow's Milk Reduced In Volume By The Evaporation Of Water In Vacuum. No Other Constituent Part Of The Milk Is Re Moved. This Article Is Not Put Up In Hermeti Cally Sealed Cans Nor ...
Condenser
Condenser, One Who Or The Thing Which Condenses. Some Of The Methods In General Use Are: An Apparatus For Reducing To A Liquid Form The Steam In Front Of The Pis Ton, So As To Obtain A Toartial Vacuum At That Point, And Thus Utilize The Natural Pressure Of The ...
Condition
Condition, In Law A Statement Of Terms, A Provision Or Stipulation, As In A Contract, By Which The Parties Thereto Consent To Be Bound; Or An Undertaking To Do Something, Pay Money Or Other Consideration, Etc., As A Proviso In An Agreement By Which The Other Parties Thereto Bind Themselves ...
Conditional Immortality
Conditional Immortality, A Tenet Held By A Theological School Which Denies The Inherent Immortality Of The Soul, And The Consequent Doctrines Both Of Eternal Misery And Of Universalism As Contrary To The Teach Ings Both Of Nature And Of Revelation. Its Ad Vocates Maintain That The Bible Sets Immortality Before ...
Conditional Limitation 1
Conditional Limitation. (1) A Condition Providing For The Determination Of An Interest In Land Upon The Happening Of A Particular Contingency. It Is A Present Interest Only, Lasting Until Terminated By The Happening Of The Contingency, And Is Synonymous With A Limited Or Qualified Fee, Sudi As A Grant Of ...
Conditioned
Conditioned, Philosophy Of The, Or Philosophy Of The Unconditioned. The Name Given By Sir William Hamilton To Certain Philosophical Views First Promulgated By Him In An Article Contributed To The Edinburgh Re View, In October 1829, Forming A Critique On Victor Cousin's Philosophy, Especially Of His Doctrine Of An Absolute ...
Condor
Condor, The Popular Name Of The Great Vulture Of The Andes, Formed By A Mispronun Ciation Of The Indian Name Kunter, Which, Ac Cording To Humboldt, Is Derived From Another Word In The Language Of The Incas, Signifying 'to Smell Well.* This Species (vultur Gryphus, Linn. Or Sarcoramphus Gryphus) Belongs ...
Condorcet
Condorcet, Lorki'd6rpse, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas De Caritat, Marquis De, French Philosopher And Mathematician: B. Ribemont, Picardy, 17 Sept. 1743; D. Clamat, 28 March 1794. He Was Educated By The Jesuits And Showed A Taste For Mathematics At A Very Early Age. Later He Studied At The College Of Navarre ...
Conduction
Conduction (from Latin Conductio, Bringing Together). In Botany, This Is The Tech Nical Name For The Process Whereby Water And Food-stuffs Are Transmitted From The Roots Of A Plant To Its Trunk Or Stem And Leaves. The Paths By Which These Substances Traverse The Plant Are Well Known. They Enter ...
Cone 1
Cone. (1) In Geometry, The Solid Figure Traced Out When A Right-angled Triangle Is Made To Revolve Round One Of The Sides That Contain The Right Angle; This Is More Strictly A Right Cir Cular Cone. A More Comprehensive Definition May Be Given As Follows: Let A Straight Line Be ...
Confectionery
Confectionery (lat. Conficere, Ato Put Together? "compound? Apreparei), A Gen Eral Term For Any Preparation With Sugar As A Base, Used As A Sweetmeat And Containing Nuts, Fruits Or Other Flavoring. In The United States Confectionery Is Conunonly Called (candy? A Name Which Suggests Etymologically Conserved Fruits Or Seeds; In ...
Confectionery
. Confectionery Tftade. It Is Doubtful If There Is Any Modern Industry That Has Experienced More Radical Changes During The Past Hundred Years Than The Trade Of Confectionery-making. Prior To The Year 1851, The Manufacture Of °boiled Sweets,* As Candy Was Then Called, Was So Largely An English Specialty That ...
Confederate States Of Amer
Confederate States Of Amer Ica. The Name Adopted By The Southern States Which Seceded From The Union And Formed A Government At Montgomery, Ala., 9 Feh 1861, Comprising South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi And Louisiana, With Jefferson Davis Of Mississippi President, And Alexander H. Stephens Of Georgia Vice President. ...
Conference
Conference (lat. .conferre, °to Bring Together°) (1) In General A Meeting For Con Sultation, Discussion,. Instruction Or The Like; Or Any Interview For Interchange Of Views. The Term Is Specifically Applied To Consultations Be Tween Committees Of The Two Houses Of Con Gress In The United States, And To Similar ...
Confessions Of Saint Augus
Confessions Of Saint Augus Tine, The. Autobiographies Are As A Rule Utterly Conventional And Commonplace, Inter Esting Only To Those Immediately Concerned With The Author. We Have Any Number Of Them That Are Waste Paper, But A Few Of Them Like Cellini's Life Of Himself, Montaigne's (essays,' And Rousseau's (confessions,' ...
Confessions Of An English
Confessions Of An English Opium Eater. The (confessions' Exist In Two Distinct Forms. The Earliest Form, Con Taining The Two Papers Printed In The London Magazine For September And October 1821, Ap Peared The Next Year (1822) And Passed Through No Less Than Six Editions In The Next 30 Years ...
Confiscation
Confiscation. In International Law, The Act Of One State In Appropriating Property Belonging To Another State Or To Its Subjects, Either As A Belligerent Right Or As A Punishment For Carrying Contraband Of War, Blocicade Run Ning Or The Like. The Term Is Used Also To Indi Cate The Seizure ...
Confucius
Confucius, Icon-fii'shi-ils (latinized Form Of Chinese K'ung-futze, The Master Kung), Chinese Philosopher: B. Province Of Shan-tung, About 551 A.c.; D. In Lu, 478 A.c. His Father, Kung Shuh-liang-heh, Who Was Of Royal Descent, Died Three Years Later, And The Boy Was Reared In Comparative Poverty By His Mother, Ching-tsai. At ...
Cong Delire
Cong$ D'elire, K8n-zha-da-rer (fr. ((leave To Elect())., In England, The Sovereign's Warrant Authorizing The Dean And Chapter Of A Vacant See To Proceed With A New Election. The Nomination To Bishoprics, Originally Understood To Have Been Vested In The Christian People, Who Made It By Election, Was Afterward Trans Ferred ...
Congregationalism
Congregationalism Had Its Origin In An Attempt In England To Carry The Principles Of The Protestant Reformation Regarding The Authority Of Scripture To Their Radical Conse Quences. Accepting The Bible As The Sole Rule Of Faith And Practice, The Founders Of Congre Gationalism Sought To Find In It Not Merely ...
Congregations
Congregations, The Sacred. A Congregation Is A College Or Corporation Of The Catholic Church Consisting Of A Certain Num Ber Of Cardinals, For Taking Charge Of, Dis Cussing And Deciding Matters Which Belong To Certain Particular Branches Of Business. The Primacy Of The Roman Pontiff Of Its Very Natpre Demands ...
Congress
Congress (lat. Together,' A Meeting Of Rulers Or Representa Tives Of Several States, To Adjust Disputes Be Tween Different Governments. It Is Necessary To Distinguish The Meeting In, Which Prelim Inaries Are Settled, From The Principal Congress, Which Is To Bring The Affair In Question To A Decision. The Plenipotentiaries ...
Congress
Congress, Continental. The First Recog Nition Of A Solidarity Of Interests Among The English Colonies In America, And Attempts At Joint Action Against A Common Foe, Were Made In 1690, By Jacob Leisler, Revolutionary Dictator Of New York; And His Efforts Were Stimulated By The Fact That New York Bore ...
Congress Of Religions Or
Congress Of Religions Or World's Parliament Of Re Ligions. A Congress Held At The Columbian Exposition, Chicago, In 1893, In An Attempt To Bring Together In One Great World Convention Representatives Of The Great And Historic Re Ligious Creeds Of The World. The Congress Was Very Successful, And All Its ...
Congress Of The United
Congress Of The United States. The Legislative Branch Of The Federal Government Of The United States. The Discussion Of This Body Falls Naturally Into Three Parts: (1) The Constitutional Mandates Con Cerning It ; (2) Its Own Rules And Usages; (3) Its Practical Functions As Developed By Historical Evolution. 1. ...
Congress_2
Congress, Library Of. The National Library Of The United States, An Institution In Washington, D. C., Since Its Removal From The Capitol In 1897, Occupying The Building Erected For Its Accommodation Under The Acts Of Con Gress Of 15 April 1886, 2 Oct. 1:•:.: And 2 March 1889, At A ...
Congreve
Congreve, William, English Dramatist: B. Bardsey, Near Leeds, 1670; D. London, 19 Jan. 1729. He Entered The Middle Temple, London, To Prepare Himself For The Legal Profession, But Soon Deserted The Law For Literature. At A Very Early Age He Wrote A Novel Entitled (incognita,' Followed By His Comedy Of ...
Conic Sections
Conic Sections, Three Curves, The Hyperbola, The Parabola And The Ellipse, Are Called The Conic Sections, Because These Curves Are Formed By The Intersection Of The Surface Of A Cone With Planes That Cut The Cone In Various Directions. If The Cutting-plane Be Parallel To The Axis Of The Cone ...
Conium
Conium (cspotted Hemlock”, The Full Grown Fruit Of Conium Maculatum Gathered While Green. Conium Maculatum Is A Stout, Erect Biennial, Three To Six Feet High, With A Much Branching, Smooth, Furrowed, Dark Green Hollow Stem, Covered With Purplish Spots, Very Widely Present Throughout Europe And Natural Ized In The Eastern ...
Conjunction
Conjunction, In Astronomy, One Of The Aspects Of The Planets. Two Heavenly Bodies Are In Conjunction When They Have The Same Longitude— That Is, When The Same Perpendic Ular To The Ecliptic Passes Through Both. If They Have, At The Same Time, The Same Latitude— That Is, If They Arc ...
Conjuring
Conjuring, The Production Of Effects Apparently Miraculous By Natural Means. The Earlier Professors Of The Art Claimed Bona Fide Supernatural Powers; And In Ages When The Most Elementary Principles Of Physical Science Were Unknown Beyond A Very Limited Circle, It Was Not Difficult To Gain Credence For Such A Pretension. ...
Conkling
Conkling, Roscoe, American Legislator : B. Albany, N. Y., 30 Oct. 1829; D. New York, 18 April 1888. He Removed To Utica In 1846, Studied Law And Was Admitted To The Bar In 1850. He Was Mayor Of Utica In 1858, And Sat In Congress As A Republican (1858-62 And ...
Connecticut
Connecticut, Icon-net'-i-lcilt, °the Nutmeg State,') "the Land Of Steady Habits,) Or °the Constitutional State') (having Framed The First Written Constitution In America), Is The Southwesternmost Of The Six New England States. It Is Bounded By Massachusetts On The North, Long Island Sound On The South, Rhode Island On The East ...
Connecticut River
Connecticut River, A River Of New England; It Rises In Connecticut Lake On The Northern Border Of New Hampshire, 2,000 Feet Above Sea-level, Forms The Boundary Be Tween Vermont And New Hampshire And Flows Southward, Passing Through The Western Part Of Massachusetts, The Central Part Of Con Necticut And Falls ...