After Bull Run there was little heavy fight ing during the remainder of 1861, both sides devoted their chief attention to establishing their lines. On 15 August Jefferson Davis or dered all Northern men to leave the South within 40 days; and the next day President Lincoln proclaimed the seceded States in insur rection and prohibited all intercourse. On the Union side, General Butler in comrnand of a joint expedition of land and naval forces, sailed frotn Fort Monroe, and 29 August cap tured the forts guarding Hatteras Inlet (q.v.) opening the way to Pamlico Sound. On the lines of the Army of the Potomac the Union forces under Col. E. D. Baker, senator from California, were defeated at Ball's Bluff (q.v.), 21 October, Colonel Baker being killed. On 7 November a joint expedition from Annapolis, under Gen. Thomas West Sherman and Adm. S. F. Dupont, captured Port Royal, thus securing one of the most important har bors on the Southern coast (See PORT ROYAL BAY ; PORT ROYAL FERRY). Gen. E. O. C. Ord, with a Union brigade, defeated a brigade under J. E. B. Stuart, at Dranesville, 20 December. Gen. N. P. Banks succeeded General Patter son in the Shenandoah; General Rosecrans commanded in West Virginia. See also PEN SACOLA IN THE CIVIL WAR ; FORT PICKENS.
On 29 Nov. 1861, Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore was ordered to reconnoiter Fort Pulaslci at the mouth of the Savannah River. On 1 December he reported that it could be reduced with bat teries at 1,700 yards' distance, a third greater than foreign authorities laid down as practica ble against permanent works. His batteries opened 10 April 1862, breached the walls within 24 hours and the fort surrendered 11 April.
Gen. Robert Anderson was assigned to the Department of Kentucky 28 May. His head quarters were fixed at Cincinnati on account of the position of Kentucicy in regard to neutrality, but on 1 September his headquarters were moved to Louisville. On 8 October General Anderson's health failing, Gen. W. T. Sherman succeeded to the command of the Department of the Cumberland. On 9 November this De partment was discontinued, and under the title of the Department of the Ohio, embracing the States of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana and most of Kentucicy and Tennessee, Gen. D. C. Buell was assigned to the command, which he as sumed 15 November. Gen. Ulysses S. Gmnt was ordered to the District of Southeastern Missouri with headquarters at Cairo, Ill., which he reached 4 September. On the 6th he seized Paducah at the mouth of the Tennessee, and 7 November was defeated in an expedition to Belmont. Gen: J. C. Fremont was ordered to Missouri, and assumed command 25 July. Be fore his arrival General Lyon had moved against forces under Gen. Ste.rling Price
with which ex-Gcrvernor Jackson was seeking to regain the State (see CARTHAGE ; SPRING FIELD), and in the battle of Wilson's Creek (q.v.), 10 August, where Gen. Ben McCulloch commanded, Lyon was killed and Price occu pied southern Missouri. Fremont, upon assum ing.command, advanced against Price, and oc cupied Springfield. (See also LEXINGTON, SIEGE OF). Gen. H. W. Halleck succeeded Fremont, assuming command 19 November. Gen. David Hunter then in command at Springfield with drew under orders, leaving the Confederates in possession of southern Missouri for the rest of the year.
On the Confederate side, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Army of Northern Virginia, "Stonewall" Jackson was in the Shen andoah, Gen. Robert E. Lee in West Virginia until November, Gen. Humphrey Marshall and Gen. G. B. Crittenden in eastern Kentucky, Gen. A. Sidney Johnston at Bowling Green, Gens. G. J. Pillow, J. B. Floyd, Simon B. Buckner and N. B. Forrest at Fort Donelson, Gen. Leonidas Polk at Columbus, Ky., and General Price in Missouri. Thus stood the opposing lines at the close of 1861. Half the year had been spent in establishing them. The campaigns of 1862 began early and were prosecuted with the greatest vigor on both sides.
From January to April Gen. H. H. Sibley, with Texas forces, was engaged in attempting to secure New Mexico to the Confederacy. He inflicted much loss on Union posts and com mands under Gen. E. R. S. Canby, but aban doned his purpose the middle of April and re tired to Fort Bliss. See VALVERDE.
Bowling Green 15 February, and Gen. Leonidas Polk withdrew from Columbus 3 March, the movements of the latter being hastened by Gen. John Pope's advance on New Madrid and Island No. 10. This latter was captured 7 April. The Confederate forces in Kentucky and Tennessee then withdrew to the line of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, General Johnston establishing his headquarters at Corinth. General Buell, moving rapidly from Kentucky, occupied Nashville, 25 November. General Johnston, learning that Buell was to join Grant, whose army had been brought from Fort Donelson to Pittsburg Landing, and was camped there awaiting Buell, marched from Corinth to attack Grant before the junction could take place. The Union army was unex pectedly attacked 6 April at Shiloh Church, two miles and a half in front of Pittsburg Landing, and forced back to the immediate vicinity of the landing. The advance of Buell arrived about sundown, and during the night On 6-8 March a severe battle occurred at Pea Ridge (q.v.) or Elkhorn Tavern, Ark., be tween the forces of Gens. S. R. Curtis and Earl Van Dorn, resulting in the retreat of the latter.