As Gen. George H. Thomas was concentrat ing to attack General Crittenden at Beech Grove, Ky. opposite Mill Springs (q.v.) on the Cum berland River, the latter marched at night from his entrenchments and attacked Thomas at Logan's cross roads the morning of 19 January. The Confederates were defeated, pursued to the river and dispersed. This, with Gen. J. A. Garfield's movement up the Big Sandy, and his defeat of Humphrey Marshall at Prestonburg (q.v.), 10 January, broke the right of the Con federate line through Kentucky. On 6 Febru ary Admiral Foote's fleet, supported by Grant's forces, captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and Grant's army, moving at once to Fort Donelson on the Cumberland, forced its sur render on the 16th, with about 15,000 men.
(See FORT HENRY AND FORT DONELSON). Gen.
A. Sidney Johnston (q.v.) then evacuated four divisions, three of Buell's army and Lew Wallace's of Grant's, reached the field. The next day the Confederates under General Beauregard, being largely outnumbered, were defeated and returned to Corinth. Gen. A. Sidney Johnston was killed near the close of the first day's fight. See Snitou.
General Halleck arrived from Saint Louis 11 April and took command. General Pope's army was brought from Island No. 10. On 30 April an advance began on Corinth (q.v.) by slow approaches. The Confederates brought Price and Van Dorn from west of the Missis sippi. On 30 May General Halleck's lines were close to the city, and an attack was meditated, when it was found that the Confederates had already evacuated the place. After a short pursuit under Pope and Buell, as far as Black land, the Union army was concentrated at Corinth, and extensive fortifications were erected. The army was soon divided, and Buell with the Army of the Ohio was sent toward Chattanooga, with orders to repair the railroad as he advanced. Gen. Braxton Bragg, who had succeeded Beauregard, proceeding to Chatta nooga by way of Mobile and moving rapidly north behind the Cumberlands, compelled Buell to withdraw to the Ohio River to protect his de partment, which included Indiana, Ohio and Michigan. (See MORGAN'S RAID). Gen. E. Kirby Smith, at the same time, invaded Ken tucky by way of Cumberland Gap (q.v.), de feated Union forces at Richmond (q.v.), 30 August, and threatened Cincinnati. Buell, upon reaching Louisville, advanced upon Bragg. On 8 October resulted the battle of Perryville (q.v.), by which Bragg was compelled to abandon Kentucky. Passing through Cumber land Gap he retired to Chattanooga, whence he advanced to Murfreesboro in central Tennessee, and went into winter quarters. See HARTS VILLE ; PARKER'S CROSS ROADS.
During the operations at Pittsburg Landing and Corinth Gen. O. M. Mitchell advanced with a division from Murfreesboro 5 April, reached Huntsville 11 April, and seized the Memphis and Charleston Railroad from Decatur to Bridgeport. Gen. J. S. Negley's brigade crossed
the mountains and bombarded Chattanooga 7 June. Mitchell's operations drew Gen. E. Kirby Smith from East Tennessee, and left the way open for Gen. G. W. Morgan at Cumberland Ford, Ky., to seize Cumberland Gap.
In September Price and Van Dorn, who had joined Beauregard from beyond the Mississippi, moved against Grant and Rose crans in the region of Corinth. Price was de feated by Rosecrans 19 September, at luka (q.v.), and Van Dorn, supported by Price, 4 October, at Corinth (q.v.). (See also HATCHIE RIVER). From this campaign Rosecrans was sent to relieve Buell in command of the Army of the Cumberland, then styled the Fourteenth corps. On 30 October General Rosecrans re lieved General Buell, and concentrated his army at Nashville (q.v.). On 26 December he moved toward Murfreesboro to attack Bragg. The battle began on the last day of the year, and continued during the days of 1-2 Jan. 1863. (See STONE RIVER). General Bragg retreated the night of 3 January, eventually taking up positions at Shelbyville, Tullahoma and War trace. General Rosecrans occupied Murfrees boro. The respective armies remained on these lines until Rosecrans' advance in June 1863.
While Rosecrans was succeeding at Mur freesboro, there was a noted Confederate victory at Galveston (q.v.). General Magruder, with a fleet of ordinary river boats, protected with hay and cotton bales, captured the Harriet Lane 1 January, stink the gunboat Westfield and re ceived the surrender of the forces holding the city. The Confederate Alabama (q.v.), arriving shortly after,' captured the gunboat Hatteras.
Both river fleets of armored and unarmored gunboats, mortar-boats and rams were actively engaged on the western rivers. The Union fleet, Com. A. H. Foote, was composed of 45 vessels of various classes and 38 mortar boats. The Confederate fleet, Commodore Montgomery, was somewhat less, but con tained several formidable vessels. Commodore Foote's gunboats captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee and played an important part at Fort Donelson, Pittsburg Landing and New Madrid. Commodore Montgomery awaited Foote's fleet, now under the command of Com. C. H. Davis, before Memphis. The Union fleet was made up of 5 gunboats with 68 guns and 4 rams; the Confederates of 8 gun boats with 28 guns. After a desperate battle, 6 June, against great odds, the Confederate flotilla was destroyed and Memphis surren-' dered to the fleet. (See also SAINT CHART vs). Davis left Memphis 29 June and 1 July reached Young's Point, where he joined Adm. David G. Farragut's fleet from New Orleans, which had run the Vicksburg batteries.