Art and Literary Institutions. The Pic ture Gallery in Merrion square contains a good collection of pictures and statuary. It is a state institution and free to visitors. Native art is fostered by the Royal Hibernian Academy, in which there is a yearly exhibition of Irish work. The Museum of Science and Art, a state institution, possesses antiquities illustrating life in early Ireland from the Stone to the Bronze Age. Of special interest are the examples of gold work, the most notable being the Tam Brooch, the Cross of Cong and the cover or shrine of Saint Patrick's Bell. The ornamental work on these is remarkable for delicacy and beauty. The Royal Irish Academy, a literary and scientific society; the Royal Dublin Society, agricultural and scientific ; Royal Society of An tiquaries; and Dublin Naturalists' Field Club are important non-academic associations. There is also a society for advancing the study of music, called the Royal Irish Academy of Music.
Libraries. The following are the principal Dublin libraries, with an approximation of the number of volumes contained in the larger ones: Dublin University Library, 350,000 vol nines, many valuable MSS., including the Book of Kells; National Library of Ireland, Royal Irish Academy Library, Marsh's Library and King's Inns Library. There are also small but Useful municipal libraries.
Parks. There are two of size, one, Saint Stephen's Green, being situate in the centre of the city, about one-quarter square mile in area. the other the Phcenix Park (from the Irish Fionn uisg', clear water), on the west side and adjoining the city. The latter is very large and of great natural beauty. It is seven miles in circumference. The valley of the Liffey runs along one side, presenting, with the Dublin Hills in the background, a series of delightful views. In it are the residence of the lord lieutenant of Ireland, the chief secretary to the lord lieutenant, and the under secretary, the Ordnance Survey barracks, Royal Irish Con stabulary depot, Hibernian School for the Sons of Soldiers, Zoological gardens and a number of cricket and football grounds.
Municipal Affairs. The local government of the city is carried on by the lord mayor, 20 aldermen and 60 councillors; these represent 20 wards. Though the corporation has spent a good deal in providing cheap houses for the poorer citizens, and though private benefactors notably Lord Iveagh have also helped, there is still a pressing need for suitable ac commodation for artisans and laborers. Apart from the waterworks, the venture which has been attempted is the electric lighting of the city. Historical documents in the archives have been published in 10 volumes, entitled The Ancient Records of the City of Dublin' The city returns four members to Parliament. The first charter was received in 1171, and many since, in all 102.
Education. Of first importance is Dublin University, with its one College of the Trinity, lodged in a large group of buildings in the heart of the city. Founded in 1591 by Elizabeth, with funds derived from escheated estates, it has always been the chief teaching institution in Ireland and .numbers among its students such famous men as Ussher, Swift, Burke, Goldsmith, Emmet, Moore, Lecky. Prior to 1873 the Provostship, Fellowship and Founda tion scholarships could be held only by the members of the Protestant communion. The government, subject to Parliament, is in the hands of the provost and senior fellows, act ing in conjunction with the visitors. The sen ate consists of the chancellor and the doctors or masters, who keep their names on the books. The council consists of the provost, or vice provost, and 16 elected senators.
The Royal University of Ireland, a state in stitution, is not a teaching body, but examines and confers degrees. Its graduates are mostly students from the Catholic University, a college controlled by the Jesuit Fathers, and from the Queen's colleges of Cork, Belfast and Galway, besides ladies from various conventual and pri vate schools. It is governed by a chancellor, vice-chancellor and a senate of 35 members. Alexandra College, Saint Mary's College and Loreto Convent, Saint Stephen's Green, provide higher education for ladies. The Christian Brothers' schools, the Erasmus Smith schools, Saint Andrew's College, Wesley College, King's Hospital and convent schools are the chief agents for secondary education; the more ele mentary being supplied by state schools under the Board of National Education, with clergy men as managers. There is a One technical school, a Royal College of Science and a smaller municipal technical school.
Commerce, Industries and Transit. Dub lin is not a city of great manufacturing activity. Brewing and distilling are its chief industries. The chief brewery is that of Guinness & Co., an immense concern covering over 40 acres. Its capital is 16,000,000, and its yearly output 1,500,000 barrels. Steam barges convey the beer from the brewery, which is situate on a shallow reach of the Liffey, to the vessels in the harbor. There are about 3,300 hands em ployed. The chief distilleries are John Jameson & Co., and the Whisky Distillery Co.; both do a large export trade. Jacob & Co., biscuit makers, are an important industry, with a large foreign trade, sending biscuits as far as San Francisco and employing thousands. The manufacture of Irish poplin is still a source of profit and has received an impetus lately from the general desire among Irish people to help native industries. There is a large export trade in provisions and live stock and there are wood and leather manufactures.