The city does not neglect the intellectual side of life. It has the Country and City Li brary with 50,000 volumes, including 1,100 incunabula and 500 manuscripts. There are five town public libraries, reading rooms of some private societies and a Heine Library in one room, reminiscent of the poet. Special collections are found in the Historical Museum, the Natural History Museum, the Hetjens Mu seum, the Observatory and the rich array of technical works in the library of the Society of German Iron founders. The schools of Dus seldorf are its special p ride. There are 90 board schools, with lain classes and 60,000 pupils. Those beginning a trade or in business are compelled to attend either a trade or a commercial continuation school. As voluntary schools are a trade school, a business school and for girls a commercial school. The School of Industrial Art is a higher professional one, and over all is the Royal Academy of Arts (1767). Other high schools are the town acad emy for medicine (1907) and the academy for municipal, administration. There is a police school for police employees. Then as a bridge between board schools and the higher institutes is the Intermediate School for boys. The state supports a gymnasium and a reform gymnasium, the city supports two gymnasiums; the town and the state support two Oberrealschule and one Realschule. For the girls are three high schools, three intermediate, a school for modern science and a seminary for women teachers.
There are high class private institutes for busk tress, handwork, cooking, housekeeping, etc. Dusseldorf, too, has frequent public concerts as well as lectures — duly announced on the city's monthly program calendar. Academical courses for general culture are of much sig nificance in developing the educational status of the citizens of all types. It is needless to add that the city, with its 50 or 60 papers, is supplied with every municipal need,— its mayor or manager has been in charge for years, so admirably does he fill his office. It owns its gas, electric and water supply plants, its coal yard and slaughter-house. It owns the tram ways. With the better residences of the villa type, the fine public buildings and splendid churches, the many pleasure parks and gardens, the numerous well-equipped baths, the woods on the outskirts, Diisseldorf comes as near to being ideal as is possible nowadays. Among the celebrities associated with the city are J. G. and F. H. Jacobi, Varnhagen von Ense, Peter V. Cornelius, Wm. Camphausen, H. Von Sybel.
Bibliography.— Brandt, 'Studien zur Wirts. u. Verwalt. der Stadt D.' (Dusseldorf 1902) • Albrecht, D., (Streifziige durch das Schulwesen' (Dusseldorf 1912); Dr. Most, (Dusseldorf, the City of Commence, etc.' (1912).